????怎樣才能讓汽車之城底特律復(fù)蘇？上個(gè)月底特律申請(qǐng)破產(chǎn)以來,，許多人一直都在思考這座城市能否轉(zhuǎn)危為安,，以及怎樣才能做到這一點(diǎn)。重新崛起從來都不是一件輕而易舉的事,，而不論是破產(chǎn)還是違約都能摧毀一座城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)以及它的信用評(píng)級(jí),。

????市政破產(chǎn)較為罕見。美國以前也有幾座城市曾瀕臨破產(chǎn),，但60年來申請(qǐng)過破產(chǎn)的城市和縣只有61個(gè),。它們的情況都和底特律不同，但有些城市和縣也曾面臨類似的困難,，底特律當(dāng)然有可能從它們那里了解到如何按照類似的途徑重現(xiàn)往日的光輝,。

????底特律可以從下面三個(gè)死而復(fù)生的案例中汲取一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)：

匹茲堡：發(fā)展

????匹茲堡沒有破過產(chǎn)，但它的衰退過程和底特律很像：兩座城市都在20世紀(jì)下半葉出現(xiàn)過急劇的人口流失,。它們都見證了本市主要產(chǎn)業(yè)的消亡——匹茲堡的主要產(chǎn)業(yè)是鋼鐵,，這個(gè)行業(yè)衰敗于上世紀(jì)80年代；而曾經(jīng)興盛的汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)給底特律帶來的損失至今也沒有得到彌補(bǔ),。

????湯姆?墨菲在1994年到2006年期間曾擔(dān)任匹茲堡市市長,，在他治下,，匹茲堡的建筑業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了復(fù)蘇,。墨菲說：“（底特律必須）想清楚自己要發(fā)展成什么模樣,?！?/p>

????底特律可以效仿匹茲堡對(duì)自身進(jìn)行再造。鋼鐵業(yè)崩潰后,，匹茲堡就業(yè)市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)了不匹配現(xiàn)象,，它的那些制造業(yè)工人不具備從事其他工作的資質(zhì),。但幾年之后，隨著醫(yī)療保健和教育業(yè)的發(fā)展,，匹茲堡的經(jīng)濟(jì)重心轉(zhuǎn)向了服務(wù)領(lǐng)域,。最終,，匹茲堡人也適應(yīng)了新行業(yè)中的工作,。

????1998年,，《匹茲堡郵報(bào)》（Pittsburgh Post-Gazette）發(fā)表社論,，宣布“匹茲堡正在重建”,。匹茲堡在墨菲任內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)了稅收增長,，和大公司建立了合作關(guān)系,，興建了兩座體育場(chǎng)和一座新的會(huì)議中心?！镀テ澅む]報(bào)》指出,，新開工的寫字樓和購物中心是匹茲堡出現(xiàn)第三次復(fù)興的原因之一,，它們重新把商業(yè)活動(dòng)帶回了中心市區(qū),。

????在底特律,，政府官員已經(jīng)表示,，他們樂觀地認(rèn)為底特律的核心地帶能夠重現(xiàn)繁榮景象,。

????申請(qǐng)破產(chǎn)前,，緊急狀態(tài)管理人凱文?奧爾提出了多項(xiàng)計(jì)劃,，打算向底特律每況愈下的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資12.5億美元（77.13億元人民幣）,，以期刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。他多次提到,，個(gè)人按揭貸款機(jī)構(gòu)Quicken Loans等新興企業(yè)搬到市中心表明底特律已經(jīng)走上了復(fù)蘇之路,。

橘子縣：增加收入，提升房地產(chǎn)價(jià)值

????1994年,，加利福尼亞州橘子縣破產(chǎn),，但富裕的民眾減輕了破產(chǎn)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)卣w經(jīng)濟(jì)的打擊。雖然破產(chǎn)規(guī)模達(dá)到令人瞠目的15億美元（92.55億元人民幣）而且市政方面裁員41%,，但隨后幾年橘子縣經(jīng)濟(jì)總體上仍處于穩(wěn)定增長狀態(tài),。從1994年到1999年，當(dāng)?shù)厝司偸杖胩岣吡?2.8%,，高于34.7%的全國平均水平,。給當(dāng)?shù)貛矸睒s的是多元化的經(jīng)濟(jì)——橘子縣的主要行業(yè)囊括了高科技、零售和旅游（畢竟這里是迪士尼樂園的發(fā)源地）,。

????考慮到高達(dá)16%的失業(yè)率（是全國平均失業(yè)率的兩倍多）以及勉強(qiáng)超過2.5萬美元（15.43萬元人民幣）的平均家庭收入,，很難想象底特律怎樣才能復(fù)制橘子縣的復(fù)蘇之路。但底特律制定了促進(jìn)市中心商業(yè)發(fā)展的政策,，比如基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),，這將給底特律帶來薪酬較高的工作機(jī)會(huì)。

????How do you get the Motor City revving again? Since Detroit filed for bankruptcylast month, many have wondered if and how it could make a comeback. Recovery is never easy; bankruptcy or default can wreck a city's economy and kill its credit rating.

????Municipal bankruptcies are rare. Several cities have come close, and only 61 cities and counties have filed in the last six decades. They all have a different story from Detroit's, but some faced similar hurdles and could certainly teach the Michigan city a thing or two about how to follow a similar path to recovery.

????Here are three lessons for Detroit from cities that fell before it and survived:

Pittsburgh: Grow up

????While Pittsburgh never went bankrupt, its decline played out similarly to Detroit's: Both saw acute population loss during the second half of the 20th century. Both also witnessed the demise of their city's major industries -- for Pittsburgh, it was steel in the 1980s; Detroit has never recovered from losing its once thriving auto industry.

????"[Detroit must] figure out what it's going to be when it grows up," says Tom Murphy, who was mayor of Pittsburgh from 1994 to 2006 and oversaw a resurgence in construction.

????Like Pittsburgh, Detroit could reinvent itself. After the collapse of the steel industry, Pittsburgh suffered an employment mismatch, where workers who specialized in manufacturing weren't qualified for other jobs. Over the years, however, the city shifted into a services economy with growth in the health care and education industries. Eventually, Pittsburghers adapted to jobs in the new sectors.

????"Pittsburgh is rebuilding again," declared a Pittsburgh Post-Gazette editorial in 1998. Murphy oversaw an infusion of tax dollars, in partnership with major businesses, to construct two stadiums and a new convention center. The paper cited new construction of offices and shopping centers as a reason for the city's "Renaissance III" that brought commerce back to the downtown.

????In Detroit, officials have expressed optimism that the city's downtown could see revitalization.

????Prior to the bankruptcy filing, Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr announced plans to invest $1.25 billion in Detroit's failing infrastructure with the hopes of spurring economic growth. He often cites the movement of young businesses, such as Quicken Loans, to the city's downtown as evidence that Detroit has a renaissance of its own underway.

Orange County: Boost incomes and raise property values

????In 1994, Orange County, Calif., went bankrupt, but the wealth of its citizens cushioned the blow to its overall economy. Despite a staggering $1.5 billion bankruptcy and a 41% cut in municipal services, the county's overall economy grew steadily through the late 1990's. Total personal income rose by 42.8% between 1994 and 1999, compared with 34.7% nationwide. A diverse economy -- with major sectors ranging from high-tech to retail to tourism (it's the home to Disneyland, after all) -- propelled the boom.

????It's hard to imagine how Detroit could replicate this, given an unemployment rate that stands uncomfortably high at 16% (more than twice the national average) and a median household income that barely clears $25,000. But policies designed to accommodate the growth of business in the downtown, such as infrastructure development, would bring higher-wage jobs to the city.