????麻醉師,、外科醫(yī)生,、診斷醫(yī)師

????你可能覺得，醫(yī)生是一門需要實際操作經(jīng)驗的職業(yè),，因此醫(yī)生是不可能被機器人取代的,，但事實也并非如此。強生公司的Sedasys系統(tǒng)目前已經(jīng)通過了FDA認證,，可以在結(jié)腸鏡檢查等手術(shù)中實施低層次的麻醉術(shù),，它的成本還不到專業(yè)麻醉師的零頭。一名醫(yī)生在發(fā)揮人力因素的同時,，還可以同時管理多臺機器,。

????IBM的Watson系統(tǒng)由于在電視真人秀上大放異彩而廣為人知。不過很多人可能不知道,，它在肺癌的診斷上擁有遠遠高于人類醫(yī)生的診斷準確率——在某些測試中,，Watson系統(tǒng)與人類醫(yī)師的診斷準確率為90%對50%。原因是數(shù)據(jù),。要想讀完最新發(fā)布的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù),，人類醫(yī)師每周至少要花費160小時的時間，因此人類醫(yī)生不可能掌握全部的新見解甚至臨床證據(jù),，因此面對計算機時也就喪失了診斷方面的優(yōu)勢,。

????外科醫(yī)生已經(jīng)在使用自動化系統(tǒng)輔助進行一些低侵入性的手術(shù)。目前雖然還是醫(yī)生負責(zé)手術(shù)的全過程,，但終有一日,，機器有可能獨立完成一些難度較低的手術(shù)。事實已經(jīng)證明,，機器人系統(tǒng)具有將腫瘤從人體組織剝離的能力,。另外目前市面上已經(jīng)有了至少一款用于進行毛發(fā)移植的機器人，使一名醫(yī)生在進行手術(shù)的同時可以監(jiān)控多個規(guī)程,。

????亨特登醫(yī)療中心（Hunterdon Medical Center）的機器人手術(shù)服務(wù)醫(yī)學(xué)總監(jiān)普羅帕?高希表示：“我們以前用手工完成的很多事,，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)通過機器人實現(xiàn)了自動化。比如現(xiàn)在我們不再手工縫合刀口,，而是使用機器人縫合,?！备呦１硎荆捎诮馄式Y(jié)構(gòu)的變異,，加上目前電腦在歸納模式上還存在一定難度,，她目前還無法預(yù)測機器能夠如何充分完成自動化的手術(shù)。不過她補充道：“十年以前,，我也絕對不會預(yù)見到這些東西發(fā)揮作用,，所以很多說未來會發(fā)展成什么樣?！?/p>

????Anesthesiologists, Surgeons, and Diagnosticians

????You might think that doctors represented the ultimate in hands-on expertise that had to be local, but that isn't the case. Johnson & Johnson's Sedasys system, already FDA approved, can automate delivery of low-level anesthesiain applications like colonoscopies at the fraction of the cost of a dedicated anesthesiologist. A doctor can supervise multiple machines at the same time to keep the human element.

????IBM's Watson, well known for its stellar performance in the TV game show Jeopardy!, has already demonstrated a far more accurate diagnosis rate for lung cancers than humans -- 90 percent versus 50 percent in some tests. The reason is data. Keeping pace with the release of medical data could take doctors 160 hours a week, so doctors can't possibly review the amount of new insights or even bodies of clinical evidence that can give an edge in making a diagnosis.

????Surgeons already use automated systems to aid in low-invasive procedures. Right now, the doctor is in charge, but eventually machines might do simpler procedures themselves. According to Beane, there have already been demonstrations -- on Silly Putty -- of how a robotic system could potentially remove tumors from tissue. There is also at least one hair transplant robot on the market, allowing one surgeon to oversee multiple procedures at the same time.

????"A lot of things we do manually we have automated through robotics," said Dr. Propa Ghosh, medical director of robotics surgical services at Hunterdon Medical Center. "Instead of using sutures, now we're using robotic staplers." She finds it hard to see how machines could do fully automated surgeries because of anatomical variations and the current difficulty computers have in generalizing patterns. However, Ghosh added, "I never could have predicted have the things that have come to play ten years ago, so it's hard to say where the future will be."