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起底美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差,,特朗普最在意的是什么

起底美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差,,特朗普最在意的是什么

Sarah Gray 2018-03-13
很多共和黨人表示不滿,擔(dān)心中國(guó)和歐盟可能報(bào)復(fù)美國(guó),,發(fā)動(dòng)貿(mào)易戰(zhàn),。

最近,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普特別在意本國(guó)的貿(mào)易逆差,。他在社交聊天網(wǎng)站Twitter上不斷發(fā)表和貿(mào)易逆差有關(guān)的帖子,,上周還突然宣布將對(duì)進(jìn)口鋼鐵和鋁分別征收25%和10%的關(guān)稅。

很多共和黨人表示不滿,,擔(dān)心中國(guó)和歐盟可能報(bào)復(fù)美國(guó),,發(fā)動(dòng)貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)。特朗普的征稅計(jì)劃可能也擾亂美國(guó)跟加拿大和墨西哥正在談判的《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》(NAFTA),。

在特朗普公布上述決定后,,白宮國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)主任加里·科恩勸說無果因而宣布辭職。

的確,,每年美國(guó)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中都存在大量逆差,。美國(guó)商務(wù)部下屬人口調(diào)查局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示,2017年美國(guó)的貨物與服務(wù)貿(mào)易逆差為5680億美元,,季節(jié)性調(diào)整后,,全年美國(guó)出口的貨物與服務(wù)總值為2.3萬億美元,進(jìn)口總值為2.9萬億美元,。

美國(guó)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)還顯示,,2018年1月美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差觸及十年來單月最高水平,達(dá)566億美元,。

以下是美國(guó)貿(mào)易的基本情況,,美國(guó)主要貿(mào)易伙伴、分別進(jìn)口和出口商品,,以及哪些國(guó)家對(duì)美國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差最大,。

美國(guó)主要貿(mào)易伙伴如下:

美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局按月追蹤美國(guó)的進(jìn)出口數(shù)據(jù)。以下是美國(guó)2017年的主要貿(mào)易伙伴,,以下按雙邊貨物貿(mào)易規(guī)模排序:

1,、中國(guó)——6360億美元

2、加拿大——5824億美元

3,、墨西哥——5570億美元

4,、日本——2042億美元

5、德國(guó)——1712億美元

6,、韓國(guó)——1194億美元

7,、英國(guó)——1094億美元

8、法國(guó)——825億美元

9,、印度——743億美元

10,、意大利——683億美元

11、中國(guó)臺(tái)灣——682億美元

12,、巴西——665億美元

13,、荷蘭——600億美元

14、愛爾蘭——596億美元

15,、瑞士——577億美元

以上貿(mào)易規(guī)模只計(jì)入跨境的貨物貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù),,不包括旅游和金融等服務(wù)業(yè)的貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù),。2017年,美國(guó)與中國(guó)的貨物與服務(wù)貿(mào)易總值約為7110億美元,,美國(guó)與加拿大貨物與服務(wù)貿(mào)易總值為6810億美元,。

如果將歐盟視為整體,那么到目前為止,,歐盟應(yīng)該是美國(guó)最大的貿(mào)易伙伴,。美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表辦公室數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2016年歐盟與美國(guó)的貨物與服務(wù)貿(mào)易總值超過1.1萬億美元,。

2015年,,中國(guó)超越加拿大,成為美國(guó)最大的單一貿(mào)易伙伴,。據(jù)美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表辦公室統(tǒng)計(jì),,2016年美國(guó)出口中國(guó)最多的產(chǎn)品是“多種谷物、種子,、水果(如大豆)”(出口額150億美元),、飛機(jī)(出口額150億美元)、電氣設(shè)備(出口額120億美元),、機(jī)械(出口額110億美元)和汽車(出口額110億美元),。同年美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口最多的產(chǎn)品是電氣設(shè)備(進(jìn)口額1290億美元)、機(jī)械(進(jìn)口額970億美元),、家具與床品(進(jìn)口額290億美元),、玩具與運(yùn)動(dòng)器材(進(jìn)口額240億美元)和鞋履(進(jìn)口額150億美元)。

美國(guó)對(duì)以下國(guó)家的貿(mào)易逆差最大:

根據(jù)美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局2017年數(shù)據(jù),,美國(guó)與以下國(guó)家的貿(mào)易逆差最大(即這些國(guó)家向美國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品總值超過了從美國(guó)進(jìn)口總值),。數(shù)據(jù)僅限于貨物貿(mào)易:

1、中國(guó)——3752億美元

2,、墨西哥——711億美元

3,、日本——688億美元

4、德國(guó)——643億美元

5,、越南——383億美元

6,、愛爾蘭——381億美元

7、意大利——316億美元

8,、馬來西亞——246億美元

9,、印度——229億美元

10、韓國(guó)——229億美元

這就難怪特朗普講話和在Twitter發(fā)文時(shí)重點(diǎn)都是中國(guó),。上周三他在Twitter發(fā)帖稱:“已經(jīng)要求中國(guó)制定計(jì)劃,,將年度巨額貿(mào)易逆差削減10億美元。我們之前和中國(guó)的關(guān)系非常好,,期待他們提出的建議,。我們必須迅速行動(dòng),!”

但雙邊貿(mào)易嚴(yán)重失衡的何止中國(guó),一些美國(guó)重要的貿(mào)易伙伴和盟友與美國(guó)的貿(mào)易都很不平衡,,最為突出的包括墨西哥,、日本、德國(guó),、愛爾蘭、意大利以及韓國(guó),。

不過,,同美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差最大的國(guó)家中有一些也是美國(guó)主要出口對(duì)象。進(jìn)口美國(guó)產(chǎn)品最多的國(guó)家之中,,墨西哥,、中國(guó)和日本分列第二、第三和第四,。

美國(guó)與以下貿(mào)易伙伴的順差最大:

美國(guó)對(duì)以下貿(mào)易伙伴的順差最大,,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來自美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局,僅限于2017年貨物貿(mào)易,。

1,、中國(guó)香港——325億美元

2、荷蘭——245億美元

3,、阿聯(lián)酋——157億美元

4,、比利時(shí)——148億美元

5、澳大利亞——146億美元

6,、新加坡——104億美元

7,、巴西——76億美元

8、巴拿馬——60億美元

9,、阿根廷——47億美元

10,、英國(guó)——33億美元

美國(guó)出口最多的商品:

美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示,按類別分,,2017年美國(guó)出口最多的商品包括:

1,、生產(chǎn)工具(如電腦、電子產(chǎn)品和辦公設(shè)備)——5330億美元

2,、工業(yè)耗材(包括石油,、化工產(chǎn)品和石油制品)——4630億美元

3、消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品(如汽車,、服裝,、家具、玩具)——1980億美元

美國(guó)傳媒公司W(wǎng)orldCity分析美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)之后,,在《福布斯》雜志發(fā)布的分析結(jié)果顯示,,2017年美國(guó)出口最多的產(chǎn)品是飛機(jī),、汽油、機(jī)動(dòng)車,、汽車配件,、電腦芯片、“低價(jià)值產(chǎn)品”,、手機(jī),、醫(yī)療器械、電腦和石油,。

這和美國(guó)有線電視網(wǎng)(CNN)金融欄目發(fā)布的2017年美國(guó)出口最多產(chǎn)品部分重合,。CNN金融欄目根據(jù)美國(guó)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)得出,出口最多的產(chǎn)品是:食品,、飲品與飼料(出口額1330億美元),、原油、燃油和其他石油產(chǎn)品(出口額1090億美元),、民用飛機(jī),、飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)(出口額990億美元)、汽車零部件,、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和輪胎(出口額860億美元),、工業(yè)機(jī)械(出口額570億美元)、汽車(出口額530億美元)和藥品(出口額510億美元),。

CNN金融欄目稱,,美國(guó)出口最多的服務(wù)類產(chǎn)品有:交通運(yùn)輸、旅游(出口額2360億美元),、保險(xiǎn),、金融(出口額760億美元)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)(出口額490億美元),。

麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)媒體實(shí)驗(yàn)室的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)雜性觀測(cè)站利用一套非常先進(jìn)的工具,,對(duì)2016年美國(guó)出口情況做了以下分析。

美國(guó)進(jìn)口最多的是這些產(chǎn)品:

根據(jù)美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),,按類別分,,2017年美國(guó)進(jìn)口最多的商品分別為:

1、生產(chǎn)工具(如電腦,、電子產(chǎn)品和辦公設(shè)備)——6400億美元

2,、消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品(如汽車、服裝,、家具,、玩具)——6020億美元

3、工業(yè)耗材(包括石油、化工產(chǎn)品和石油制品)——5070億美元

同樣發(fā)布在《福布斯》的WorldCity分析認(rèn)為,,美國(guó)進(jìn)口最多的產(chǎn)品有:汽車,、石油、手機(jī),、電腦,、“出口貨物回銷”、藥品,、汽油,、電腦芯片和商用車。

MIT媒體實(shí)驗(yàn)室的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)雜性觀測(cè)站對(duì)2016年美國(guó)進(jìn)口情況有詳細(xì)分析,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者: Pessy

審稿:夏林

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The U.S. trade deficit has been front of mind for President Donald Trump lately. He keeps tweeting about it. And last week, he suddenly announced he plans to impose a 25% tariff on steel imports and a 10% tariff on aluminum.

Many Republicans were not happy, fearing retaliation from China and the European Union could spark a trade war. The announcement also could also upset ongoing negotiations over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

In the wake of Trump’s decision, Gary Cohn, head of the National Economic Council, resigned from his White House job after failing to convince the President not to impose tariffs.

It’s true that the U.S. runs a large trade deficit every year. In 2017, the U.S. trade deficit for goods and services was $568 billion, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That is, the U.S. exported $2.3 trillion and imported $2.9 trillion worth of goods and services, according to seasonally adjusted figures.

In January of 2018, the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest monthly level in a decade — $56.6 billion — according to Commerce Department data.

Here’s a primer on the basics of U.S. trade – who America trades with, what products the U.S. imports and exports, and which countries the U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with:

These are the top U.S. trading partners

The U.S. Census Bureau tracks U.S. imports and exports on a month-to-month basis. These are America’s top trading partners for 2017, ranked by total exchange of goods:

1. China – $636 billion

2. Canada – $582.4 billion

3. Mexico – $557 billion

4. Japan – $204.2 billion

5. Germany – $171.2 billion

6. South Korea – $119.4 billion

7. United Kingdom – $109.4 billion

8. France – $82.5 billion

9. India – $74.3 billion

10. Italy – $68.3 billion

11. Taiwan – $68.2 billion

12. Brazil – $66.5 billion

13. Netherlands – $60 billion

14. Ireland – $59.6 billion

15. Switzerland – $57.7 billion

These figures only count goods – products – that cross international boundaries. They do not include the exchange of services, like tourism and financial services. Total trade with China in goods and services was about $711 billion in 2017; it totaled $681 billion with Canada.

Additionally, the European Union, if taken as a whole, would be America’s biggest trading partner – by far. Total trade in goods and services with the EU topped more than $1.1 trillion in 2016, according to the U.S. Trade Representative.

In 2015, China surpassed Canada as the United States’ top trading partner. According to the U.S. Trade Representative, the top U.S. exports to China in 2016 were “miscellaneous grain, seeds, fruit (i.e., soybeans) ($15 billion), aircraft ($15 billion), electrical machinery ($12 billion), machinery ($11 billion) and vehicles ($11 billion).” The top imports from China in 2016 were, “electrical machinery ($129 billion), machinery ($97 billion), furniture and bedding ($29 billion), toys and sports equipment ($24 billion) and footwear ($15 billion).”

The U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with these countries

Here are the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2017 figures for the countries that the U.S. has the biggest trade deficits with (countries that export more to the U.S. than the U.S. exports to them). These figures include goods only.

1. China – $375.2 billion

2. Mexico – $71.1 billion

3. Japan – $68.8 billion

4. Germany – $64.3 billion

5. Vietnam – $38.3 billion

6. Ireland – $38.1 billion

7. Italy – $31.6 billion

8. Malaysia – $24.6 billion

9. India – $22.9 billion

10. South Korea – $22.9 billion

It’s no wonder that the president’s focus has been on China in his speeches and tweets. On Wednesday, he tweeted, “China has been asked to develop a plan for the year of a One Billion Dollar reduction in their massive Trade Deficit with the United States. Our relationship with China has been a very good one, and we look forward to seeing what ideas they come back with. We must act soon!”

But it’s not just China that has a large trade imbalance with the U.S. Key allies and partners, including Mexico, Japan, Germany, Ireland, Italy and South Korea all top the list of countries with whom the U.S. has the biggest trade deficit.

The top countries on this list also include some of America’s biggest export partners – Mexico, China and Japan are Nos. 2, 3, 4 on the list of countries that buy the most American products.

The U.S. has the biggest trade surpluses with these countries

Here are the countries with whom the U.S. has the biggest trade surplus. The figures, from the U.S. Census Bureau, include only trade in goods for 2017.

1. Hong Kong – $32.5 billion

2. Netherlands – $24.5 billion

3. United Arab Emirates – $15.7 billion

4. Belgium – $14.8 billion

5. Australia – $14.6 billion

6. Singapore – $10.4 billion

7. Brazil – $7.6 billion

8. Panama – $6 billion

9. Argentina – $4.7 billion

10. United Kingdom – $3.3 billion

The United States’ biggest exports

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the top exports for the U.S. (by category) in 2017 were:

1. Capital Goods (i.e. computers, electronics, office machines) – $533 billion

2. Industrial Supplies (including oil, chemicals, and petroleum products) – $463 billion

3. Consumer Goods (i.e. automobiles, clothing, furniture, toys) – $198 billion

An analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data done by WorldCity and published on Forbes shows the top 2017 exports as: aircraft, gasoline, motor vehicles, auto parts, computer chips, “l(fā)ow-value shipments,” cell phones, medical instruments, computers, and petroleum.

This partially overlaps with CNN Money’s list of the U.S. top exports in 2017, which it took from the U.S. Commerce Department: Food, beverages, feed ($133 billion), crude oil, fuel, other petroleum products ($109 billion), civilian aircraft, aircraft engines ($99 billion), auto parts, engines, car tires ($86 billion), industrial machines ($57 billion), automobiles ($53 billion), pharmaceuticals ($51 billion).

According to CNN Money, the top services exported include: transportation, travel ($236 billion), insurance, finance ($76 billion), intellectual property ($49 billion).

The MIT Media Lab’s Observatory of Economic Complexity has a fascinating tool to explore U.S. exports for 2016:

The United States’ biggest imports

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the top imports for the U.S. (by category) in 2017 were:

1. Capital Goods (i.e. computers, electronics, office machines) – $640 billion

2. Consumer Goods (i.e. automobiles, clothing, furniture, toys) – $602 billion

3. Industrial Supplies (i.e. oil, chemicals, and petroleum products) – $507 billion

The top goods imported by the U.S., according to a similar WorldCity analysis published on Forbes were: automobiles, oil, cellphones, computers, “exports returned without change,” pharmaceuticals, gasoline, computer chips and commercial vehicles.

MIT’s Observatory of Economic Complexity, again, lets you dig into 2016 imports.

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