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像埃隆·馬斯克一樣做“愚蠢的天才”是否明智,? 

像埃隆·馬斯克一樣,在有限的領(lǐng)域聰明絕頂,,但對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域卻并不擅長(zhǎng),,甚至在感情上不成熟。

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盡管近期遭遇了一系列挫折,,埃隆·馬斯克依舊是全球第二大首富,。圖片來源:CHANDAN KHANNA—AFP/GETTY IMAGES

你是否試圖做得太多,并且陶醉于以往的成功,?你可能像埃隆·馬斯克一樣是愚蠢的天才,,即在有限的領(lǐng)域聰明絕頂,但對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域卻并不擅長(zhǎng),,甚至在感情上不成熟,。如果你是這樣的情況,那你需要為糟糕的情況做好準(zhǔn)備,,或者考慮如何小幅減少想象,,降低自己的雄心。

人人都會(huì)遭遇挫折,。4月20日,,埃隆·馬斯克大力宣傳的價(jià)值30億美元的新SpaceX火箭,在首次發(fā)射三分鐘后,,在墨西哥灣上空化成了一個(gè)巨大的火球,。馬斯克的公司將此次爆炸描述為“快速意外解體”。當(dāng)然,,正如馬斯克,、SpaceX和美國(guó)宇航局(NASA)所說的那樣,他們從各級(jí)火箭分離故障和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障中得到了一些教訓(xùn),,正如我們會(huì)從大多數(shù)挫折中得到教訓(xùn)一樣,。但無論如何這都是一次損失慘重的失敗,他們肯定寧愿避免這種情況發(fā)生,。

可惜的是,,就在同一天,馬斯克的汽車公司特斯拉(Tesla)公布的第一季度業(yè)績(jī)令人失望,,之后公司股價(jià)暴跌,。這讓馬斯克繼火箭發(fā)射失敗損失30億美元后,又損失了130億美元,。對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來說,,160億美元的損失是毀滅性的,但馬斯克依舊是全球第二大首富,。據(jù)彭博億萬富翁指數(shù)(Bloomberg Billionaire Index)統(tǒng)計(jì),,他的個(gè)人凈資產(chǎn)價(jià)值達(dá)到1,640億美元,。

此外,馬斯克在對(duì)用戶不友好的驗(yàn)證政策方面第二次改口,。別忘了,,馬斯克曾決定取消以440億美元的高價(jià)收購(gòu)Twitter。但在Twitter前領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者陷入代價(jià)高昂的訴訟并遭到公眾嘲笑之后,,他放棄了這一決定,。他的人身攻擊侮辱了監(jiān)管者和一位英國(guó)海軍英雄潛水員,他與高知名度的種族迫害者的互動(dòng)以及其他動(dòng)作,,看上去都不夠明智,。

此外,他沒有兌現(xiàn)的承諾越來越多,,例如:他承諾到2020年建成100萬輛自動(dòng)駕駛出租車車隊(duì),,2017年推出全自動(dòng)駕駛汽車,2018年推出特斯拉Semi卡車,,發(fā)布可以飛行和漂浮的汽車,,2020年進(jìn)行Neuralink大腦移植,SpaceX的火星任務(wù),、去年秋天的Twitter算法開源,、Boring Company承諾的到去年建成連接拉斯維加斯和洛杉磯等大城市的隧道,以及到2020年建成10公里超級(jí)高鐵隧道等,。

2023年3月開展的研究顯示,,2016年,特斯拉股東被迫同意收購(gòu)的內(nèi)部企業(yè)Solar City僅賣出了3,000套屋頂太陽能系統(tǒng),,但該公司承諾的是每月出售1,000套,,接近99%的目標(biāo)沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。由于業(yè)務(wù)不穩(wěn)定,,特斯拉董事會(huì)成員無法獲得責(zé)任保險(xiǎn),只能由馬斯克個(gè)人承保,!

更不必說他多變的家庭和感情生活,,與他相比,莫扎特,、愛因斯坦和喬布斯都顯得保守,。當(dāng)然,莫扎特,、愛因斯坦和喬布斯也是古怪的天才人物,。

音樂天才沃爾夫?qū)ぐⅠR德烏斯·莫扎特譜寫了800多首偉大的作品,他精通當(dāng)時(shí)每一種音樂流派,,他用35年短暫的人生成為全世界最偉大的作曲家之一,。然而,,他有各種怪癖,比如在寫作時(shí)使用低俗的幽默和淫穢的詞語,,還會(huì)突然有沖動(dòng)的舉動(dòng),,例如大庭廣眾之下像貓一樣在房間里跳躍,因此有人認(rèn)為他患有某種精神病,。內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家本杰明·西姆金在他的著作《莫扎特的醫(yī)學(xué)與音樂領(lǐng)域研究》(Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana)中,,分析了莫扎特莊嚴(yán)的音樂和怪異的個(gè)性之間的矛盾,最終他認(rèn)為莫扎特可能患有圖雷特綜合征,。

愛因斯坦的名字經(jīng)常被作為天才的代名詞,。理論物理學(xué)家艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦被普遍認(rèn)為是史上最有影響力的科學(xué)家和思想家之一。對(duì)現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)最重要的兩大支柱:相對(duì)論和量子力學(xué),,都要?dú)w功于愛因斯坦,。然而,愛因斯坦歧視女性,,在早期婚姻中奴役伴侶,,而且私生活混亂,因此傳記作家沃爾特·艾薩克森認(rèn)為“他提出廣義相對(duì)論,,顯然比找出影響其家庭的力量更容易”,。

艾薩克森也是蘋果(Apple)創(chuàng)始人史蒂夫·喬布斯的傳記作者。他也介紹了這位天才的各種怪癖,。他提到喬布斯心胸狹窄,、剛愎自用和傲慢自大:?jiǎn)滩妓乖诼殬I(yè)生涯中,始終將谷歌(Google)和Adobe視為仇家,,他堅(jiān)稱除非收到私人邀請(qǐng),,否則他絕不會(huì)與奧巴馬總統(tǒng)見面,他有暴飲暴食的癖好,,曾贏得長(zhǎng)時(shí)間瞪眼比賽,,而且不喜歡洗澡。在擔(dān)任CEO的第一個(gè)任期,,喬布斯在內(nèi)部掀起了各部門之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng),,并且在Lisa和Mac團(tuán)隊(duì)的斗爭(zhēng)中選擇了后者。鑒于自己混亂的家庭生活,,他向艾薩克森坦言,,希望這本書為缺席的父親們提供指南。

這些奇怪的個(gè)性是他們成為天才的根本原因,,還是不能原諒的病理上的缺陷,,妨礙了他們變得更偉大?有時(shí)候,職業(yè)生涯中期的變革者會(huì)主動(dòng)選擇這種怪異的行為,。1958年,,心理學(xué)家艾德溫·霍蘭德創(chuàng)造了“性格信用”這個(gè)詞,解釋了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者如何突破集體規(guī)范脫穎而出,,并獲得特立獨(dú)行的權(quán)利,。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者非常規(guī)的舉動(dòng),在后期的職業(yè)生涯中會(huì)成為刺激更多創(chuàng)新行為的手段,。

確定適當(dāng)行為的范圍并找到平衡,,使其成為一種創(chuàng)造力,這意味著你需要考慮幾個(gè)因素:你的行為是必要的還是只是基于情感,?這種怪異行為是否是對(duì)同事,、股東或其他人的欺騙?它能否讓你獲得時(shí)間上的自由,,不再陷入不必要的行政管理,、日程和日常工作?或者你異常的行為實(shí)際上是對(duì)環(huán)境的一種潛伏式的服從,,如大學(xué),、廣告公司、軟件公司或服裝公司等,?你浮夸的行為是否會(huì)傷害其他人,,影響信任?它是否會(huì)引發(fā)法律和文化上的沖突,,進(jìn)而浪費(fèi)你的時(shí)間,,削弱你的影響力?你是否選擇了錯(cuò)誤的榜樣,?

我可以列舉幾百名最優(yōu)秀的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主和開拓性的創(chuàng)業(yè)者,,他們并不是愚蠢的天才。正如哲學(xué)家阿圖爾·叔本華在1818年寫道:“天才和瘋子之間往往只有一線之隔,,甚至同為一體,。”但我們必須切記的一點(diǎn)是,,瘋狂不代表聰明,,殘忍不會(huì)帶來創(chuàng)造力,傲慢也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響力,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文作者杰富瑞·索南菲爾德現(xiàn)任耶魯大學(xué)管理學(xué)院(Yale School of Management)管理實(shí)踐萊斯特·克倫教授兼高級(jí)副院長(zhǎng)。

Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),,僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),,不能代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

你是否試圖做得太多,,并且陶醉于以往的成功,?你可能像埃隆·馬斯克一樣是愚蠢的天才,,即在有限的領(lǐng)域聰明絕頂,但對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域卻并不擅長(zhǎng),,甚至在感情上不成熟,。如果你是這樣的情況,那你需要為糟糕的情況做好準(zhǔn)備,,或者考慮如何小幅減少想象,,降低自己的雄心。

人人都會(huì)遭遇挫折,。4月20日,,埃隆·馬斯克大力宣傳的價(jià)值30億美元的新SpaceX火箭,在首次發(fā)射三分鐘后,,在墨西哥灣上空化成了一個(gè)巨大的火球,。馬斯克的公司將此次爆炸描述為“快速意外解體”。當(dāng)然,,正如馬斯克,、SpaceX和美國(guó)宇航局(NASA)所說的那樣,他們從各級(jí)火箭分離故障和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障中得到了一些教訓(xùn),,正如我們會(huì)從大多數(shù)挫折中得到教訓(xùn)一樣,。但無論如何這都是一次損失慘重的失敗,他們肯定寧愿避免這種情況發(fā)生,。

可惜的是,,就在同一天,馬斯克的汽車公司特斯拉(Tesla)公布的第一季度業(yè)績(jī)令人失望,,之后公司股價(jià)暴跌,。這讓馬斯克繼火箭發(fā)射失敗損失30億美元后,又損失了130億美元,。對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來說,,160億美元的損失是毀滅性的,但馬斯克依舊是全球第二大首富,。據(jù)彭博億萬富翁指數(shù)(Bloomberg Billionaire Index)統(tǒng)計(jì),,他的個(gè)人凈資產(chǎn)價(jià)值達(dá)到1,640億美元。

此外,,馬斯克在對(duì)用戶不友好的驗(yàn)證政策方面第二次改口,。別忘了,馬斯克曾決定取消以440億美元的高價(jià)收購(gòu)Twitter,。但在Twitter前領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者陷入代價(jià)高昂的訴訟并遭到公眾嘲笑之后,,他放棄了這一決定。他的人身攻擊侮辱了監(jiān)管者和一位英國(guó)海軍英雄潛水員,他與高知名度的種族迫害者的互動(dòng)以及其他動(dòng)作,,看上去都不夠明智,。

此外,他沒有兌現(xiàn)的承諾越來越多,,例如:他承諾到2020年建成100萬輛自動(dòng)駕駛出租車車隊(duì),,2017年推出全自動(dòng)駕駛汽車,2018年推出特斯拉Semi卡車,,發(fā)布可以飛行和漂浮的汽車,,2020年進(jìn)行Neuralink大腦移植,SpaceX的火星任務(wù),、去年秋天的Twitter算法開源,、Boring Company承諾的到去年建成連接拉斯維加斯和洛杉磯等大城市的隧道,以及到2020年建成10公里超級(jí)高鐵隧道等,。

2023年3月開展的研究顯示,,2016年,特斯拉股東被迫同意收購(gòu)的內(nèi)部企業(yè)Solar City僅賣出了3,000套屋頂太陽能系統(tǒng),,但該公司承諾的是每月出售1,000套,,接近99%的目標(biāo)沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。由于業(yè)務(wù)不穩(wěn)定,,特斯拉董事會(huì)成員無法獲得責(zé)任保險(xiǎn),,只能由馬斯克個(gè)人承保!

更不必說他多變的家庭和感情生活,,與他相比,,莫扎特、愛因斯坦和喬布斯都顯得保守,。當(dāng)然,,莫扎特、愛因斯坦和喬布斯也是古怪的天才人物,。

音樂天才沃爾夫?qū)ぐⅠR德烏斯·莫扎特譜寫了800多首偉大的作品,,他精通當(dāng)時(shí)每一種音樂流派,他用35年短暫的人生成為全世界最偉大的作曲家之一,。然而,,他有各種怪癖,比如在寫作時(shí)使用低俗的幽默和淫穢的詞語,,還會(huì)突然有沖動(dòng)的舉動(dòng),,例如大庭廣眾之下像貓一樣在房間里跳躍,因此有人認(rèn)為他患有某種精神病,。內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家本杰明·西姆金在他的著作《莫扎特的醫(yī)學(xué)與音樂領(lǐng)域研究》(Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana)中,,分析了莫扎特莊嚴(yán)的音樂和怪異的個(gè)性之間的矛盾,,最終他認(rèn)為莫扎特可能患有圖雷特綜合征。

愛因斯坦的名字經(jīng)常被作為天才的代名詞,。理論物理學(xué)家艾爾伯特·愛因斯坦被普遍認(rèn)為是史上最有影響力的科學(xué)家和思想家之一。對(duì)現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)最重要的兩大支柱:相對(duì)論和量子力學(xué),,都要?dú)w功于愛因斯坦,。然而,愛因斯坦歧視女性,,在早期婚姻中奴役伴侶,,而且私生活混亂,因此傳記作家沃爾特·艾薩克森認(rèn)為“他提出廣義相對(duì)論,,顯然比找出影響其家庭的力量更容易”,。

艾薩克森也是蘋果(Apple)創(chuàng)始人史蒂夫·喬布斯的傳記作者。他也介紹了這位天才的各種怪癖,。他提到喬布斯心胸狹窄,、剛愎自用和傲慢自大:?jiǎn)滩妓乖诼殬I(yè)生涯中,始終將谷歌(Google)和Adobe視為仇家,,他堅(jiān)稱除非收到私人邀請(qǐng),,否則他絕不會(huì)與奧巴馬總統(tǒng)見面,他有暴飲暴食的癖好,,曾贏得長(zhǎng)時(shí)間瞪眼比賽,,而且不喜歡洗澡。在擔(dān)任CEO的第一個(gè)任期,,喬布斯在內(nèi)部掀起了各部門之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng),,并且在Lisa和Mac團(tuán)隊(duì)的斗爭(zhēng)中選擇了后者。鑒于自己混亂的家庭生活,,他向艾薩克森坦言,,希望這本書為缺席的父親們提供指南。

這些奇怪的個(gè)性是他們成為天才的根本原因,,還是不能原諒的病理上的缺陷,,妨礙了他們變得更偉大?有時(shí)候,,職業(yè)生涯中期的變革者會(huì)主動(dòng)選擇這種怪異的行為,。1958年,心理學(xué)家艾德溫·霍蘭德創(chuàng)造了“性格信用”這個(gè)詞,,解釋了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者如何突破集體規(guī)范脫穎而出,,并獲得特立獨(dú)行的權(quán)利。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者非常規(guī)的舉動(dòng),,在后期的職業(yè)生涯中會(huì)成為刺激更多創(chuàng)新行為的手段,。

確定適當(dāng)行為的范圍并找到平衡,,使其成為一種創(chuàng)造力,這意味著你需要考慮幾個(gè)因素:你的行為是必要的還是只是基于情感,?這種怪異行為是否是對(duì)同事,、股東或其他人的欺騙?它能否讓你獲得時(shí)間上的自由,,不再陷入不必要的行政管理,、日程和日常工作?或者你異常的行為實(shí)際上是對(duì)環(huán)境的一種潛伏式的服從,,如大學(xué),、廣告公司、軟件公司或服裝公司等,?你浮夸的行為是否會(huì)傷害其他人,,影響信任?它是否會(huì)引發(fā)法律和文化上的沖突,,進(jìn)而浪費(fèi)你的時(shí)間,,削弱你的影響力?你是否選擇了錯(cuò)誤的榜樣,?

我可以列舉幾百名最優(yōu)秀的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主和開拓性的創(chuàng)業(yè)者,,他們并不是愚蠢的天才。正如哲學(xué)家阿圖爾·叔本華在1818年寫道:“天才和瘋子之間往往只有一線之隔,,甚至同為一體,。”但我們必須切記的一點(diǎn)是,,瘋狂不代表聰明,,殘忍不會(huì)帶來創(chuàng)造力,傲慢也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響力,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文作者杰富瑞·索南菲爾德現(xiàn)任耶魯大學(xué)管理學(xué)院(Yale School of Management)管理實(shí)踐萊斯特·克倫教授兼高級(jí)副院長(zhǎng),。

Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),,不能代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng),。

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

Do you try to do too much and get intoxicated with your past success? You might be a stupid genius like Elon Musk–a person who is brilliant in certain limited domains and inept or even emotionally immature in others. If so, prepare for bad days–or consider how to put the brakes on your imagination and ambition, just a touch.

We all have bad days. On Apr. 20, Elon Musk’s much-touted $3 billion new SpaceX rocket became a fireball over the Gulf of Mexico three minutes into its first flight. Musk’s company labeled the explosion a “rapid unscheduled disassembly.” Sure, as Musk, Space X, and NASA insist, something was learned about the failures of the stages to separate and the engines to function, as we can learn from most setbacks. But whatever you label it, it was a costly failure they’d have preferred avoiding.

Tragically, the very same day Musk’s automotive juggernaut Tesla nosedived after reporting disappointing first-quarter results. That translated to a $13 billion loss for Musk on top of the $3 billion that had flamed out on the space launch. For most people, $16 billion in losses would be devastating, but Musk is still the world’s second-wealthiest person with a total net worth of $164 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index.

Additionally, Musk backtracked a second time on his user-hostile verification policies. And let’s not forget he also abandoned his decision to pull out of buying Twitter for an overpriced $44 billion after costly distracting litigation and public taunts at Twitter’s former leaders. His ad hominem insults against regulators and a heroic British Navy diver, as well as his interactions with flamboyant race-baiting figures and other diversions, seem less than smart.

Meanwhile, the list of missed promises grows longer, including: a fleet of 1 million autonomous taxis he promised by 2020, fully autonomous cars promised by 2017, the Tesla Semi truck by 2018, vehicles that fly and float, Neuralink brain implants by 2020, a Space X mission to Mars, open-source Twitter algorithms last fall, Boring Company tunnels connecting major cities such as Las Vegas and Los Angeles by last year, and a 10-kilometer hyperloop tunnel by 2020.

In March 2023, research revealed that Solar City, the inside enterprise forced upon Tesla shareholders in 2016, has sold only 3,000 solar roof systems, instead of the company’s promised 1,000 per month–or about a 99% failure to achieve the target. Given all this volatility, Tesla board members cannot get liability insurance and must be insured by Musk personally!

And let’s not even address his volatile family and romantic life, which makes Mozart, Einstein, and Jobs look almost conventional. Alas, Mozart, Einstein, and Job were erratic geniuses as well.

Musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed more than 800 major works, mastering every musical genre of his era, earning him the distinction of being one of the world’s greatest composers in his short 35 years. However, his eccentricities–from his scatological humor and bawdiness in his writing to frenzied sudden impulsive acts such as leaping around the room in public like a cat–led some to believe that he suffered from some mental pathology. Endocrinologist Benjamin Simkin mapped the paradox of Mozart’s majestic music and erratic personality in his book, Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana, coming to the diagnosis that Mozart probably suffered from Tourette’s Syndrome.

The name Einstein is often used as shorthand for genius. Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists and thinkers of all time. He is credited for developing two of the most foundational pillars of modern physics: relativity and quantum mechanics. However, his misogynistic manifestos with servile rules for his partners in early marriages and a volatile personal life led biographer Walter Isaacson to conclude that “his conquest of general relativity proved easier than finding the forces for the formulas swirling within his family.”

Isaacson, who is also the brilliant biographer of Apple founder Steve Jobs, described the array of eccentricities of this other genius. He revealed the array of situations where Jobs was spiteful, rigid, and arrogant: career-long feuds against Google and Adobe, insisting that he would not meet with President Obama until personally invited, odd binge diets, winning highly extended staring contests, and a disdain for bathing. In his first run as CEO, Jobs sparked ferocious internal warfare between divisions, and took sides in the feud between the Lisa and Mac teams. In light of his own volatile home life, he confessed to Isaacson that he wanted the book to be a guide to absent fathers.

Are these personality quirks the essence of their brilliance or pathological eccentricities which sabotage greatness and should not be excused? Sometimes, it’s a conduct that is actively chosen by mid-career revolutionaries. In 1958, psychologist Edwin Hollander coined the term “idiosyncrasy credits” to explain how leaders emerge by rising up to group norms and earn the right to be quite non-conforming. The leader’s unconventional actions become a device to trigger more innovative behavior later in their career.

Finding your own balance on the spectrum of appropriate conduct as a creative force means considering a few factors: Is your conduct necessary or just based on affect? Is the erratic behavior deceitful to colleagues, shareholders, or others? Does it free your schedule from drowning in needless admin, schedules, and routines? Or is your unusual behavior actually a form of insidious conformity in an environment that rewards it, such as a university, an ad agency, a software firm, or a fashion house? Is your flamboyance hurting others and eroding trust? Is it leading to legal and cultural backlashes that divert your time and impact? Do you have the wrong role models in mind?

I could list hundreds of the greatest Nobel Prize winners and path-breaking entrepreneurs who were not stupid geniuses. As philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer wrote in 1818, “It has often been remarked that there is a side at which genius and madness touch, and even pass over into each other.” Yet, we must keep in mind that insanity does not guarantee brilliance, cruelty does not produce creativity, and arrogance is not a recipe for impact.

Jeffrey Sonnenfeld is the Lester Crown Professor in Management Practice and Senior Associate Dean at Yale School of Management.

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

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