??《貨幣外傳》(Money: The Unauthorized Biography),，作者：費(fèi)利克斯?馬丁

????經(jīng)濟(jì)史學(xué)家認(rèn)為,，貨幣是作為以貨易貨的替代方案涌現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。這個(gè)故事?lián)f(shuō)是這樣的：我們交換魚(yú),、玉米或工具（我們所有的物品,，包括易腐和能永久存放的東西），直至貨幣橫空出世,。它是一種更高效,、更穩(wěn)定的商品——一種潤(rùn)滑市場(chǎng)的交易媒介。在馬丁看來(lái)，這種觀點(diǎn)存在嚴(yán)重缺陷,。這是一種僅僅基于幸存物來(lái)描述的歷史,。他說(shuō)，對(duì)于貨幣系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),，硬幣其實(shí)并沒(méi)有那么重要,。比如，一些文化中是用不可移動(dòng)的巨石來(lái)衡量財(cái)富的,，再比如,，在如今的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界中，財(cái)富可以由一系列1和0組成,。正是這種誤以為貨幣是一種實(shí)物,，而不是一個(gè)政治概念的思想，促成了不平等的現(xiàn)代金融體系,，亟需深度改革才能變得公正合理（馬丁認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該解散銀行）,。

????Money: The Unauthorized Biography, by Felix Martin

????Economic historians argue that money emerged as an alternative to barter. The story goes: We traded fish or corn or tools (all our goods, both perishable and permanent), until money came along. It was a more efficient and stable commodity — a medium of exchange that lubricated the markets. For Martin, this view is deeply flawed. It is a history that only relies on what survived. Coinage, he says, is not essential to a monetary system. Witness some cultures where wealth was measured by giant, immovable boulders, or today, where it consists of a series of ones and zeros in a computer network. It’s the misunderstanding of money as something real, rather than a political concept, that led to our unequal modern financial system and it will take serious reform (Martin thinks we should break up the banks) to make it just.