??《貨幣外傳》(Money: The Unauthorized Biography),，作者：費利克斯?馬丁

????經(jīng)濟史學家認為,，貨幣是作為以貨易貨的替代方案涌現(xiàn)出來的。這個故事?lián)f是這樣的：我們交換魚,、玉米或工具（我們所有的物品,，包括易腐和能永久存放的東西），直至貨幣橫空出世,。它是一種更高效,、更穩(wěn)定的商品——一種潤滑市場的交易媒介。在馬丁看來,，這種觀點存在嚴重缺陷,。這是一種僅僅基于幸存物來描述的歷史。他說,，對于貨幣系統(tǒng)來說,，硬幣其實并沒有那么重要。比如,，一些文化中是用不可移動的巨石來衡量財富的,，再比如，在如今的計算機網(wǎng)絡世界中,，財富可以由一系列1和0組成,。正是這種誤以為貨幣是一種實物，而不是一個政治概念的思想,，促成了不平等的現(xiàn)代金融體系,，亟需深度改革才能變得公正合理（馬丁認為我們應該解散銀行）。

????Money: The Unauthorized Biography, by Felix Martin

????Economic historians argue that money emerged as an alternative to barter. The story goes: We traded fish or corn or tools (all our goods, both perishable and permanent), until money came along. It was a more efficient and stable commodity — a medium of exchange that lubricated the markets. For Martin, this view is deeply flawed. It is a history that only relies on what survived. Coinage, he says, is not essential to a monetary system. Witness some cultures where wealth was measured by giant, immovable boulders, or today, where it consists of a series of ones and zeros in a computer network. It’s the misunderstanding of money as something real, rather than a political concept, that led to our unequal modern financial system and it will take serious reform (Martin thinks we should break up the banks) to make it just.