楊安澤在一眾美國(guó)總統(tǒng)候選人中顯得十分另類,。這位華裔候選人是一名連續(xù)創(chuàng)業(yè)人,，他曾經(jīng)創(chuàng)辦過(guò)一個(gè)叫Venture for America的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)，該機(jī)構(gòu)也為硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)界輸送了很多人才,。

現(xiàn)在,，楊安澤已經(jīng)正式宣布將征戰(zhàn)民主黨的黨內(nèi)初選。他將作為民主黨的候選人之一參加了黨內(nèi)辯論,。與他同參辯論的還有前副總統(tǒng)拜登,、參議員伯尼·桑德斯和卡瑪拉·哈里斯等。楊安澤的口號(hào)十分激進(jìn),，稱要給全體美國(guó)人發(fā)一筆全民基本收入,，又稱“自由紅利”。

目前看來(lái),，楊安澤在民主黨候選人中屬于知名度較低的一個(gè),，2020年入主白宮的可能性不大。從民調(diào)和籌款情況看,，他的支持率足以入圍上周四的民主黨黨內(nèi)辯論,，但在民主黨的所有候選人中仍然是墊底的一個(gè)。不過(guò)楊安澤相信,，在這個(gè)自動(dòng)化的時(shí)代,，他在“自由紅利”、醫(yī)保和資本主義的未來(lái)等問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng),，足以使他超越現(xiàn)有的支持者群體,，躋身于政界的最高層。今年早些時(shí)候,，楊安澤曾經(jīng)向《財(cái)富》雜志介紹過(guò)自己的政治理念,，以及他為何認(rèn)為自己有把握在2020年大選中擊敗特朗普。

楊安澤是何許人也,？

楊安澤自稱很享受自己不被人看好的現(xiàn)狀,。他當(dāng)過(guò)律師，搞過(guò)慈善,，也是一名硅谷創(chuàng)業(yè)人（創(chuàng)業(yè)成績(jī)參差不齊）,，也為很多創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目提供過(guò)支持,，尤其是通過(guò)他創(chuàng)辦的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)Venture for America,。

楊安澤之所以起了從政的念頭，是因?yàn)樵谒磥?lái),，未來(lái)自動(dòng)化必將全面替代人力,，從而導(dǎo)致大面積失業(yè)。因此,，楊安澤把“全民基本收入”作為他競(jìng)選的核心口號(hào),。

什么是全民基本收入（UBI）,？

楊安澤口中的“全民基本收入”，又被其競(jìng)選團(tuán)隊(duì)稱作“自由紅利”,，是指每個(gè)18歲以上的美國(guó)公民每月都應(yīng)該獲得1000美元的基本收入,，沒(méi)有任何附加條件。

對(duì)于一個(gè)自稱為資本家的人來(lái)說(shuō),，這個(gè)社會(huì)主義特色十足的表態(tài)自然令人感到驚訝,。不過(guò)楊安澤對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示，降低科技對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的負(fù)面影響是絕對(duì)必要的,。他在《對(duì)普通人的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)》（The War on Normal People）一書中詳解了他的觀點(diǎn),。

他解釋道：“有了‘自由紅利’，經(jīng)濟(jì)才會(huì)開(kāi)始更好地為我們服務(wù),。在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,，它會(huì)改善人們的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況，提高畢業(yè)率……在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中直接創(chuàng)造200多萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)崗位,，因?yàn)樨泿艜?huì)在當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)中流通,，當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)，從而雇傭更多工人,?！?/p>

總之，楊安澤相信,，他的“全民基本收入”計(jì)劃會(huì)促使美國(guó)變成一個(gè)消費(fèi)型經(jīng)濟(jì)體,，同時(shí)顯著促進(jìn)就業(yè)率增長(zhǎng)——這是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)，因?yàn)樵诓痪玫膶?lái),，無(wú)人駕駛汽車和各種先進(jìn)算法必將迎來(lái)爆發(fā)式增長(zhǎng),，多達(dá)三分之一的勞動(dòng)力可能會(huì)面臨失業(yè)。

這個(gè)前景確實(shí)非常誘人,。畢竟,，誰(shuí)不想什么也不干就每個(gè)月拿1000美元呢？當(dāng)然,，對(duì)楊安澤的計(jì)劃最常見(jiàn)的質(zhì)疑,，就是這樣一個(gè)體系是否具有可行性。對(duì)此,，楊安澤表示,，可以設(shè)計(jì)一套新的稅收體系，一是要扭轉(zhuǎn)亞馬遜等科技巨頭繳稅過(guò)低的現(xiàn)狀,，二是要彌補(bǔ)現(xiàn)行稅法中的其他漏洞,。

楊安澤表示：“我們必須做出一項(xiàng)重大改變，那就是加入其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的行列,，改收增值稅,?！痹鲋刀愂窃诋a(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都會(huì)征收的一種附加稅，增值稅在歐盟國(guó)家很常見(jiàn),。楊安澤認(rèn)為,，如果美國(guó)實(shí)行了增值稅，哪怕稅率只有歐洲國(guó)家的一半,，也可以為政府帶來(lái)每年8000億美元的額外收入,。再加在全民普遍收入帶來(lái)的儲(chǔ)蓄和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，該體系至少在理論上是自洽的,。

楊安澤的“全民基本收入”計(jì)劃還有一點(diǎn)十分重要,，它將取代現(xiàn)有的政府福利項(xiàng)目。比如拿了“自由紅利”的人,，就不能再領(lǐng)食品券了,。

楊安澤表示：“我最不愿意做的就是剝奪美國(guó)人需要的福利。我的計(jì)劃是將‘自由紅利’變成一個(gè)自愿選擇項(xiàng)目,，如果你選擇加入‘自由紅利’計(jì)劃,，你就相當(dāng)于自愿放棄了現(xiàn)有社會(huì)福利項(xiàng)目。所以如果你之前的社會(huì)福利的價(jià)值超過(guò)了每月1000美元,，你完全可以拒絕‘自由紅利’計(jì)劃……當(dāng)然,，如果你的孩子長(zhǎng)到了18歲，他也能每月領(lǐng)取1000美元的基本收入了,，這對(duì)一個(gè)家庭可能將是翻天覆地的變化,。”

楊安澤認(rèn)為,，這種方式也會(huì)降低“全民基本收入”計(jì)劃的整體成本,，因?yàn)楹芏嗝绹?guó)人可能會(huì)選擇不加入U(xiǎn)BI，就算大多數(shù)人加入了,，政府需要多花的錢,，也無(wú)非是他們?cè)械母＠?jì)劃與每月1000美元之間的差額之和。

楊安澤在醫(yī)保等重要問(wèn)題上的立場(chǎng)是什么,？

“全民基本收入”顯然是楊安澤的核心競(jìng)選口號(hào),，也是他與民主黨陣營(yíng)以及特朗普的最大差異點(diǎn)。在這個(gè)世界日益自動(dòng)化的時(shí)代,，這個(gè)口號(hào)對(duì)焦慮的工人階級(jí)也很有吸引力,。

除了UBI之外，楊安澤在他的競(jìng)選網(wǎng)站上還張貼了100多個(gè)提案,，涵蓋了醫(yī)保,、氣候政策,、降低法定投票年齡等方方面面的議題（楊安澤自己也承認(rèn),，有些提議只是為了引起大家的議論,，比如他要求國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)該定期更新現(xiàn)行法律）。

比如,，楊安澤是支持全民醫(yī)保的,，該政策也得到了參議員伯尼·桑德斯和伊莉莎白·沃倫的支持。站在楊安澤的角度看,，考慮到勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的深刻變化,，以及勞動(dòng)與美國(guó)醫(yī)保覆蓋率之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，他對(duì)全民醫(yī)保的支持是很容易理解的,。不過(guò)楊安澤也對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示,，他支持給予美國(guó)政府一定的過(guò)渡期。

他還提出了“人本資本主義”的理念,?！叭吮举Y本主義”的一個(gè)核心理念，是“人本資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本單元是每一個(gè)人,，而不是每一美元,。”

要想從2020年大選的眾多候選人中脫穎而出,，楊安澤還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走,。從民調(diào)看，他的支持率遠(yuǎn)低于拜登,、桑德斯等人,。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：樸成奎

Andrew Yang doesn’t have the typical pedigree for a presidential candidate. The serial entrepreneur, who founded Venture for America, stems from the Silicon Valley crowd.

But Yang is running a Democratic presidential campaign (and will be among the 2020 candidates on stage at tonight’s Democratic debate, which will also feature former Vice President Joe Biden, Sen. Bernie Sanders, Sen. Kamala Harris, and others) centered on the radical notion of universal basic income, or UBI, which Yang dubs a “Freedom Dividend.”

Yang is still a long shot and relative unknown – his polling and fundraising support, while enough to qualify for last Thursday’s Democratic debate, still puts him near the bottom of the 2020 candidate pack. But he feels confident that his positions on UBI, health care, and the future of capitalism in an age of automation can propel him beyond his dedicated fan base and into the political stratosphere. Yang spoke on camera with Fortune earlier this year to discuss his views and why he thinks he has the best shot of beating President Donald Trump in the 2020 election.

Who is Andrew Yang?

Yang likes to say that he relishes his underdog status. He’s been a lawyer, a philanthropist, a Silicon Valley startup founder (with mixed results), and an evangelist for entrepreneurship programs, including through his Venture for America nonprofit.

But what’s fueled his political ambitions is the specter of automation and the massive job losses Yang predicts it will foster. Hence, the focus on UBI.

What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)?

Yang’s version of UBI, or what his campaign calls a “Freedom Dividend,” is that every American citizen above the age of 18 should get $1,000 per month, no questions asked.

It’s a striking position for a self-professed capitalist. But Yang told Fortune it’s absolutely critical to mitigating the effects of technology on the labor force. (He outlines his arguments in far greater detail in his book, The War on Normal People.)

“The economy would start working better for us with the Freedom Dividend,” he said. “If you look at what happens in practical terms, people’s nutrition improves, graduation rates go up over time… It would create over two million new jobs directly in the economy because money would circulate through local businesses, and then local businesses would have to turn around and hire an extra worker.”

In essence, Yang believes his UBI proposal could create a consumer-fueled economy that’s also markedly pro-job growth – a critical goal when as much as a third of workers could face unemployment when technologies such as self-driving trucks, sophisticated algorithms, explode in the near future, according to Yang.

It’s a tantalizing prospect. After all, who wouldn’t want $1,000 per month, guaranteed, without having to do anything? The most common criticism, predictably, is whether such a system could ever be realistically implemented. Yang’s response to the detractors? Implement a new tax system to make up for the minimal taxes paid by tech behemoths such as Amazon and other holes in the tax code.

“The big change we have to make is that we have to join the rest of the advanced world and have a value added tax,” he said. Value added taxes (or VATs) are consumption taxes paid at all stages of a product’s supply chain. They’re common in European nations, and Yang says that a VAT at even half the level of European countries could generate an additional $800 billion in annual revenues for the government. Combined with the ostensible savings and economic growth Yang claims would stem from UBI, the system would theoretically pay for itself (and then some).

There’s a critical caveat in Yang’s UBI approach: It would supplant existing government welfare programs such as food stamps for those who choose to take advantage of the Freedom Dividend.

“The last thing I want to do is deprive Americans of programs they need. My plan is to make the Freedom Dividend opt-in. But if you opt-in, then you’re choosing to forgo benefits from pre-existing welfare programs. So if you’re getting more than $1,000 in monthly benefits you can say, no thanks… Though, you’ll still have a benefit if you have a child who turns 18 and starts getting $1,000 per month, which can be a game-changer for families.”

In Yang’s mind, that approach would also lower the overall price tag for UBI, as many Americans may choose not to opt-in and the total spending cost for those who do would be the net difference between $1,000 per month and what they’re receiving in benefits currently.

What are Andrew Yang’s positions on health care and other important issues?

UBI is clearly Yang’s hobby horse and what he says will set him apart from both the rest of the Democratic field and President Donald Trump. It’s an appeal to working class anxieties in an age of automation.

But Yang also has more than 100-odd proposals on his campaign website covering everything from health care, to climate policy, to lowering the voting age, and a host of other ideas (some of which the candidate himself admits are meant to spark conversations, such as his plan that would require Congress to regularly renew existing laws).

For instance, Yang supports Medicare for All, the signature universal health care policy supported by candidates like Sen. Bernie Sanders and Sen. Elizabeth Warren. It makes sense given Yang’s views on the changing nature of the labor force and the way that work is intrinsically tied to insurance coverage in America right now. However, Yang told Fortune would support a transition period to such a government program.

He also pushed the prospect of “human-centered capitalism.” One of its basic tenets? “The unit of a Human Capitalism economy is each person, not each dollar.”

Yang has a long ways to go in a crowded 2020 presidential field. His performance in Thursday night’s debates will prove a key chapter in his quest.