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半導(dǎo)體是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的引擎,,而美國(guó)制造的半導(dǎo)體還不夠多

Keith Jackson
2020-07-05

美國(guó)現(xiàn)在制造的半導(dǎo)體僅占全球總產(chǎn)量的12%左右,,一大原因是其他國(guó)家一直為本國(guó)制造商提供巨額補(bǔ)貼。

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一臺(tái)機(jī)器在“無(wú)塵”實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查硅片,。圖片來(lái)源:PHOTO BY MONTY RAKUTEN / GETTY IMAGES

作為現(xiàn)代科技的大腦,,半導(dǎo)體對(duì)于美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、國(guó)家安全,,以及應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情和未來(lái)危機(jī)的能力都具有至關(guān)重要的意義,。

幾十年來(lái),美國(guó)公司在芯片技術(shù)方面一直處于世界領(lǐng)先地位,。但美國(guó)現(xiàn)在制造的半導(dǎo)體僅占全球總產(chǎn)量的12%左右,,一大原因是其他國(guó)家一直為本國(guó)制造商提供巨額補(bǔ)貼。應(yīng)對(duì)這項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn),,并著力加強(qiáng)美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體制造和研發(fā)實(shí)力,堪稱我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的太空競(jìng)賽,。

美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和國(guó)家安全有賴于我們?cè)诩舛税雽?dǎo)體領(lǐng)域持續(xù)領(lǐng)先于全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,。展望未來(lái),,在高端芯片設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)方面處于領(lǐng)先地位的國(guó)家,也必然會(huì)在部署新技術(shù)的全球競(jìng)賽中占有很大的優(yōu)勢(shì),。這些足以改變游戲規(guī)則的新技術(shù)包括5G,、人工智能和量子計(jì)算。

美國(guó)政策制定者認(rèn)識(shí)到,,芯片制造業(yè)的持續(xù)下滑將危及經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和國(guó)家安全,,尤其是在當(dāng)前這種充滿不確定性的時(shí)期。國(guó)會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人最近提出了《為半導(dǎo)體生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造有效激勵(lì)措施法案》(CHIPS for America Act)和《美國(guó)晶圓代工業(yè)法案》(American Foundries Act),。這兩項(xiàng)獲得兩黨支持的法案都致力于在美國(guó)本土創(chuàng)造更多的半導(dǎo)體制造和研發(fā)機(jī)會(huì),,以及隨之而來(lái)的就業(yè)崗位。大力投資這些領(lǐng)域無(wú)疑是正確之舉,,而現(xiàn)在正是這樣做的恰當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī),。

新冠肺炎危機(jī)和持續(xù)的地緣政治動(dòng)蕩,非常戲劇化地凸顯了供應(yīng)鏈的脆弱性和加強(qiáng)美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的極端重要性,。盡管將世界上最復(fù)雜的供應(yīng)鏈完全“在岸化”是不切實(shí)際的,,但我們有能力,并且應(yīng)該推動(dòng)美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體供應(yīng)鏈實(shí)現(xiàn)再平衡,,從而使其更具韌性,。

就設(shè)計(jì)高度復(fù)雜的半導(dǎo)體而言,美國(guó)是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,。但在制造這些尖端產(chǎn)品方面,,情況就沒(méi)有那么明朗了。

美國(guó)共有70多家非常先進(jìn)的半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)施(即所謂的晶圓廠),,遍布18個(gè)州,。此外,亞利桑那州,、紐約州,、得克薩斯州、弗吉尼亞州等地還在新建或擴(kuò)建晶圓廠,。半導(dǎo)體是美國(guó)第五大出口產(chǎn)品,,因?yàn)槭澜绺鞯氐目蛻舳荚趯で罄米钚录夹g(shù)帶來(lái)的好處。

但仔細(xì)觀察就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其中蘊(yùn)含著重大挑戰(zhàn),。亞洲目前在全球半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,,預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將占到全球總產(chǎn)量的83%,而中國(guó)是其中增長(zhǎng)最快的國(guó)家,。

無(wú)論美國(guó)政府準(zhǔn)備采用何種計(jì)劃來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn),,它都應(yīng)該包括兩大支柱。

首先,美國(guó)政府需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境,,并創(chuàng)造激勵(lì)措施來(lái)加快國(guó)內(nèi)半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)施的建設(shè)步伐,。環(huán)顧全球,每一個(gè)在半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)占據(jù)重要份額的國(guó)家都為本國(guó)企業(yè)提供顯著的政府激勵(lì),,包括撥款和稅收減免,。而我們的聯(lián)邦政府卻沒(méi)有這樣做。

最先進(jìn)的晶圓廠往往異常昂貴,,其建造和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本動(dòng)輒高達(dá)200億美元,,幾乎是一艘現(xiàn)代航空母艦建造成本的兩倍。就五年內(nèi)的建造和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本而言,,一家在美國(guó)新建的晶圓廠要比國(guó)外建造的晶圓廠多出數(shù)十億美元,。鑒于這些數(shù)字如此龐大,除非聯(lián)邦政府強(qiáng)勢(shì)介入,,讓美國(guó)變得更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,,否則即使非常賺錢的公司有意在美國(guó)建廠,也會(huì)在全球市場(chǎng)上處于非常不利的地位,。

其次,,聯(lián)邦政府應(yīng)該大幅增加對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)的投資。美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)去年在研發(fā)領(lǐng)域投資了近400億美元,,約占營(yíng)收的五分之一(這項(xiàng)比例比其他任何產(chǎn)業(yè)都要高),,幾乎是聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)投資的25倍。聯(lián)邦政府增加對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)的投資,,將為納稅人提供良好的投資回報(bào),,還有助于擴(kuò)大就業(yè)崗位。聯(lián)邦政府在半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)方面每投入1美元,,就會(huì)帶來(lái)16美元的GDP增長(zhǎng),。

這些由聯(lián)邦政府買單的投資成本將是個(gè)巨額數(shù)字,但對(duì)于美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì),、國(guó)家安全,,以及在戰(zhàn)略技術(shù)方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位來(lái)說(shuō),什么都不做的代價(jià)將遠(yuǎn)高于此,。

時(shí)不我待,。美國(guó)政府現(xiàn)在必須展現(xiàn)魄力,勇敢地履行其他國(guó)家為獲得半導(dǎo)體領(lǐng)先地位而作出的積極承諾?,F(xiàn)在采取雄心勃勃的行動(dòng),,將使美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體供應(yīng)鏈變得更具韌性,并確保未來(lái)幾十年世界上最先進(jìn)的芯片都是在美國(guó)研發(fā),、設(shè)計(jì)和制造的,。

本文作者基思·杰克遜(Keith Jackson)是安森美半導(dǎo)體公司(ON Semiconductor)的總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官,,他還擔(dān)任半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)主席。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:任文科

作為現(xiàn)代科技的大腦,,半導(dǎo)體對(duì)于美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力,、國(guó)家安全,以及應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情和未來(lái)危機(jī)的能力都具有至關(guān)重要的意義,。

幾十年來(lái),美國(guó)公司在芯片技術(shù)方面一直處于世界領(lǐng)先地位,。但美國(guó)現(xiàn)在制造的半導(dǎo)體僅占全球總產(chǎn)量的12%左右,,一大原因是其他國(guó)家一直為本國(guó)制造商提供巨額補(bǔ)貼。應(yīng)對(duì)這項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn),,并著力加強(qiáng)美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體制造和研發(fā)實(shí)力,,堪稱我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的太空競(jìng)賽。

美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和國(guó)家安全有賴于我們?cè)诩舛税雽?dǎo)體領(lǐng)域持續(xù)領(lǐng)先于全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,。展望未來(lái),,在高端芯片設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)方面處于領(lǐng)先地位的國(guó)家,也必然會(huì)在部署新技術(shù)的全球競(jìng)賽中占有很大的優(yōu)勢(shì),。這些足以改變游戲規(guī)則的新技術(shù)包括5G,、人工智能和量子計(jì)算。

美國(guó)政策制定者認(rèn)識(shí)到,,芯片制造業(yè)的持續(xù)下滑將危及經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和國(guó)家安全,,尤其是在當(dāng)前這種充滿不確定性的時(shí)期。國(guó)會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人最近提出了《為半導(dǎo)體生產(chǎn)創(chuàng)造有效激勵(lì)措施法案》(CHIPS for America Act)和《美國(guó)晶圓代工業(yè)法案》(American Foundries Act),。這兩項(xiàng)獲得兩黨支持的法案都致力于在美國(guó)本土創(chuàng)造更多的半導(dǎo)體制造和研發(fā)機(jī)會(huì),,以及隨之而來(lái)的就業(yè)崗位。大力投資這些領(lǐng)域無(wú)疑是正確之舉,,而現(xiàn)在正是這樣做的恰當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī),。

新冠肺炎危機(jī)和持續(xù)的地緣政治動(dòng)蕩,非常戲劇化地凸顯了供應(yīng)鏈的脆弱性和加強(qiáng)美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的極端重要性,。盡管將世界上最復(fù)雜的供應(yīng)鏈完全“在岸化”是不切實(shí)際的,,但我們有能力,并且應(yīng)該推動(dòng)美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體供應(yīng)鏈實(shí)現(xiàn)再平衡,,從而使其更具韌性,。

就設(shè)計(jì)高度復(fù)雜的半導(dǎo)體而言,美國(guó)是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,。但在制造這些尖端產(chǎn)品方面,,情況就沒(méi)有那么明朗了。

美國(guó)共有70多家非常先進(jìn)的半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)施(即所謂的晶圓廠),,遍布18個(gè)州,。此外,,亞利桑那州、紐約州,、得克薩斯州,、弗吉尼亞州等地還在新建或擴(kuò)建晶圓廠。半導(dǎo)體是美國(guó)第五大出口產(chǎn)品,,因?yàn)槭澜绺鞯氐目蛻舳荚趯で罄米钚录夹g(shù)帶來(lái)的好處,。

但仔細(xì)觀察就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其中蘊(yùn)含著重大挑戰(zhàn)。亞洲目前在全球半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,,預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將占到全球總產(chǎn)量的83%,,而中國(guó)是其中增長(zhǎng)最快的國(guó)家。

無(wú)論美國(guó)政府準(zhǔn)備采用何種計(jì)劃來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn),,它都應(yīng)該包括兩大支柱,。

首先,美國(guó)政府需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境,,并創(chuàng)造激勵(lì)措施來(lái)加快國(guó)內(nèi)半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)施的建設(shè)步伐,。環(huán)顧全球,每一個(gè)在半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)占據(jù)重要份額的國(guó)家都為本國(guó)企業(yè)提供顯著的政府激勵(lì),,包括撥款和稅收減免,。而我們的聯(lián)邦政府卻沒(méi)有這樣做。

最先進(jìn)的晶圓廠往往異常昂貴,,其建造和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本動(dòng)輒高達(dá)200億美元,,幾乎是一艘現(xiàn)代航空母艦建造成本的兩倍。就五年內(nèi)的建造和運(yùn)營(yíng)成本而言,,一家在美國(guó)新建的晶圓廠要比國(guó)外建造的晶圓廠多出數(shù)十億美元,。鑒于這些數(shù)字如此龐大,除非聯(lián)邦政府強(qiáng)勢(shì)介入,,讓美國(guó)變得更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,,否則即使非常賺錢的公司有意在美國(guó)建廠,也會(huì)在全球市場(chǎng)上處于非常不利的地位,。

其次,,聯(lián)邦政府應(yīng)該大幅增加對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)的投資。美國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)去年在研發(fā)領(lǐng)域投資了近400億美元,,約占營(yíng)收的五分之一(這項(xiàng)比例比其他任何產(chǎn)業(yè)都要高),,幾乎是聯(lián)邦政府對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)投資的25倍。聯(lián)邦政府增加對(duì)半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)的投資,,將為納稅人提供良好的投資回報(bào),,還有助于擴(kuò)大就業(yè)崗位。聯(lián)邦政府在半導(dǎo)體研發(fā)方面每投入1美元,,就會(huì)帶來(lái)16美元的GDP增長(zhǎng),。

這些由聯(lián)邦政府買單的投資成本將是個(gè)巨額數(shù)字,,但對(duì)于美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)、國(guó)家安全,,以及在戰(zhàn)略技術(shù)方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位來(lái)說(shuō),,什么都不做的代價(jià)將遠(yuǎn)高于此。

時(shí)不我待,。美國(guó)政府現(xiàn)在必須展現(xiàn)魄力,,勇敢地履行其他國(guó)家為獲得半導(dǎo)體領(lǐng)先地位而作出的積極承諾。現(xiàn)在采取雄心勃勃的行動(dòng),,將使美國(guó)的半導(dǎo)體供應(yīng)鏈變得更具韌性,,并確保未來(lái)幾十年世界上最先進(jìn)的芯片都是在美國(guó)研發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)和制造的,。

本文作者基思·杰克遜(Keith Jackson)是安森美半導(dǎo)體公司(ON Semiconductor)的總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官,他還擔(dān)任半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)主席,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:任文科

As the brains of modern technology, semiconductors are essential to America’s economic strength, its national security, and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic and future crises.

U.S. companies have led the world in chip technology for decades. But only about 12% of the world’s semiconductor manufacturing is done in America, owing largely to heavy subsidies from competing governments. Addressing this challenge and strengthening U.S. semiconductor manufacturing and research is the space race of our time.

America’s economic growth and national security rely on cutting-edge semiconductors to stay ahead of global competitors. Looking forward, the country that leads in advanced chip design and production also will have a big leg up in the global race to deploy new game-changing technologies, such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing.

U.S. policymakers recognize the economic and national security risks of a continued decline in chip manufacturing, especially during these uncertain times. Leaders in Congress recently introduced the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act (CHIPS for America Act) and the American Foundries Act. Both bipartisan bills aim to create more semiconductor manufacturing and research—and the jobs that come with them—here in America. Investing in these areas is the right thing to do, and now is the right time to do it.

The COVID-19 crisis and ongoing geopolitical unrest have underscored the fragility of supply chains and the importance of strengthening the U.S. semiconductor ecosystem. While completely onshoring the world’s most complex supply chain is impractical, we can and should rebalance our supply chains to make them more resilient.

America is the undisputed global leader in designing highly complex semiconductors. But the picture is murkier when it comes to manufacturing them.

There are more than 70 highly advanced manufacturing facilities, or fabs, across 18 states, with new and expanded fabs under development in Arizona, New York, Texas, Virginia, and elsewhere. Semiconductors are America’s fifth-largest export, as customers around the world seek the benefits of the latest technology.

But a closer look reveals significant challenges. Asia now dominates manufacturing globally and by 2030 is projected to account for 83% of the world’s semiconductor manufacturing, with China accounting for the greatest growth.

Any U.S. government plan to address these challenges should include two main pillars.

First, our government needs to level the playing field and create incentives to spur construction of domestic semiconductor manufacturing facilities. Every other country that has a significant share of semiconductor manufacturing offers major government incentives, including grants and tax breaks. Our federal government does not.

Costing up to $20 billion, state-of-the-art semiconductor fabs are extraordinarily expensive to build and operate, nearly twice as expensive as a modern aircraft carrier. A new fab built in the United States costs billions of dollars more to build and operate over five years than one built abroad. With big numbers like these, even very profitable companies looking to build a fab here are at a crippling disadvantage in the global market unless our government steps in to make America more competitive.

Second, the federal government should substantially ramp up investments in semiconductor research and development. Our industry invested nearly $40 billion in R&D last year. That was about one-fifth of revenue—among the highest shares of any industry—and nearly 25 times greater than federal investment in semiconductor research. Increased federal investments in semiconductor R&D will provide a good return on investment for taxpayers and grow the workforce. Every dollar invested by the federal government in semiconductor research creates $16 in GDP growth.

The cost of these federal manufacturing and research investments would be significant, but the cost of doing nothing would be far greater to our economy, national security, and leadership in strategic technologies.

It’s time for the U.S. government to be bold and meet the aggressive commitments other nations are making to gain semiconductor leadership. Taking ambitious action now will make our country’s supply chains more resilient and ensure the world’s most advanced chips are researched, designed, and manufactured in the U.S. for decades to come.

Keith Jackson is president and CEO of ON Semiconductor, and chair of the Semiconductor Industry Association.

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