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氣候變化改變建筑業(yè):既要環(huán)保,又要抗災(zāi)

建筑物每年釋放的溫室氣體約占所有能源相關(guān)溫室氣體排放的38%,。

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五年前,,颶風(fēng)“邁克爾”襲擊了佛羅里達(dá)州墨西哥灣的狹長地帶,,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫荨け柹募议T口一度堆滿了被颶風(fēng)掀翻的車輛,但他的家卻安然無恙,。保爾森的房子是一座圓形高腳屋,,建立在數(shù)根離地14英尺高的柱子上,從外面看去仿佛一艘船,。這樣一個(gè)看起來并不十分堅(jiān)固的建筑,,卻擋住了有摧枯拉朽之能的5級(jí)颶風(fēng)。

回想起接到撤離警告時(shí)的情景,,保爾森回憶道:“我一點(diǎn)也不緊張,,”她的房子在颶風(fēng)中只損失了幾塊瓦片。颶風(fēng)過后拍攝的照片顯示,,她家周圍的房子幾乎全成了殘?jiān)珨啾?,只有她的房子安然無恙地矗立在原處。

考慮到受氣候變化影響,,近些年的極端天氣正在逐年增加,,一些開發(fā)商正在建造像保爾森家這樣具備更強(qiáng)的抗災(zāi)能力和環(huán)保性的房子。比如這些房子的太陽能電池板可以安裝得很隱蔽,,再大的風(fēng)也無法將它掀翻,,這意味著颶風(fēng)一過,房主馬上可以繼續(xù)依賴清潔能源發(fā)電,。高腳屋式的建筑風(fēng)格也讓濕地和天然綠植原汁原味地保存了下來,,從而減少了水土流失。開發(fā)商還使用了可回收建材或其他先進(jìn)建材,,以降低能源和原材料的使用,。

對(duì)于一個(gè)普通人來說,選擇低碳家居是降低個(gè)人碳排放最有效的方式之一,。建筑物每年釋放的溫室氣體約占所有能源相關(guān)溫室氣體排放的38%,,其中有部分碳排放來自照明和空調(diào)等能耗設(shè)備,還有一些則來自混凝土和鋼鐵等建材的制造過程,。

保爾森的房子是由一家名叫Deltec的房地產(chǎn)公司建造的,。該公司表示,它在過去30年間建造了近1400套房子,其中有1套房子在颶風(fēng)中出現(xiàn)過結(jié)構(gòu)性損壞,。除了安全性以外,,該公司還特別注重環(huán)保性,它采用了高質(zhì)量的隔熱材料以確保制冷和制熱效果,,從而降低了空調(diào)和供暖設(shè)備的能耗,,同時(shí)它還使用了太陽能來提供家居用電。

該公司首席執(zhí)行官史蒂夫·林頓介紹道:“我們真正的神奇之處,,是做到了統(tǒng)籌兼顧,。很多時(shí)候人們?cè)谡劦娇沙掷m(xù)性建筑的時(shí)候,它的抗災(zāi)性是不太被人重視的,,人們只把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)不起眼的功能……但是我們相信,,抗災(zāi)性也是可持續(xù)性建筑的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)性的組成部分?!?/p>

還有一些房地產(chǎn)公司正在設(shè)計(jì)整體的新型小區(qū),,它既能抵御颶風(fēng)災(zāi)害,又具備更強(qiáng)的環(huán)保性,,從而有助于應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,。

以Pearl Homes公司在佛羅里達(dá)州科爾特斯市開發(fā)的Hunters Point小區(qū)為例,它一期已建成26幢房屋,,2024年底將完成二期30幢房屋的建設(shè),。這些房子都獲得了LEED白金認(rèn)證,這是美國最常見的綠色建筑評(píng)級(jí)體系的最高等級(jí),。

為了增強(qiáng)抗洪水的能力,,該小區(qū)將所有房屋抬高了4.8米,小區(qū)所有路面也同樣被抬高了,,同時(shí)優(yōu)化了小區(qū)的防澇導(dǎo)流結(jié)構(gòu),。房屋采用了鋼制屋頂,并通過接縫將太陽能電池板緊密固定,,使強(qiáng)風(fēng)很難從電池板下方吹過,。而且小區(qū)一旦停電,這些房屋里的電池就會(huì)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng),。

Pearl Homes公司的首席執(zhí)行官馬歇爾·戈布特表示,,他的團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)與中佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)接洽,打算合作設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)不會(huì)加重氣候變化的小區(qū)建筑方案,。“我希望這個(gè)小區(qū)不僅具有環(huán)保性和抗災(zāi)性,,而且與現(xiàn)在佛羅里達(dá)的所有住房設(shè)計(jì)完全不同,。我看過不少新建的房子,離這兒只有半英里,一場(chǎng)颶風(fēng)后都被淹到水下了……我們正處于氣候變化帶來的危機(jī)之中,?!?/p>

居住在墨西哥灣的保爾森對(duì)此深有共鳴。她表示,,她不想再過“每天都要看看大西洋上的颶風(fēng)到哪兒了”的日子了,。除了更安心之外,她家現(xiàn)在每月的能源成本只有32美元,,遠(yuǎn)低于之前的房子每個(gè)月250美元的能源成本,。

“我覺得大家并沒有考慮到環(huán)境災(zāi)難問題,并且針對(duì)它進(jìn)行調(diào)整,。我們還在建造那種會(huì)被風(fēng)吹走的老房子,。”她說,。

Babcock Ranch也是南佛羅里達(dá)的一個(gè)兼具環(huán)保性和抗災(zāi)性的小區(qū),,它號(hào)稱是美國的第一個(gè)太陽能城鎮(zhèn),它占地約870英畝(350公頃)的土地上,,共使用了68萬塊太陽能電池板,,發(fā)電量達(dá)150兆瓦。它也是全美第一個(gè)使用了大型電池存儲(chǔ)太陽能的小區(qū)之一,,存儲(chǔ)的電量主要用于夜間或停電時(shí)使用,。

Babcock Ranch公司是2006年由悉德·基特森創(chuàng)辦的。由于該小區(qū)房屋的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)與地基連為一體,,因此它能有效抵御颶風(fēng),。小區(qū)的電線也埋在地下,不會(huì)被風(fēng)吹斷,。房子的門也都是朝外開的,,不會(huì)被大風(fēng)向內(nèi)吹開。房子還設(shè)計(jì)了一些通風(fēng)口,,用于平衡車庫里的氣壓,。

基特森介紹道,2022年,,Babcock Ranch小區(qū)遭受了4級(jí)颶風(fēng)“伊恩”的襲擊,,但幾乎沒有造成任何損害。

基特森表示:“我們的例子證明,,新型城鎮(zhèn)是可以與環(huán)境和諧共生的,。而且除非你的房子建得有很強(qiáng)的抗災(zāi)性,否則你就得不斷的維修它,,甚至必要時(shí)還得拆掉它,?!?/p>

出于保護(hù)濕地的考慮,該公司將它買下的約73000英畝(29500公頃)土地賣給了州政府,。而在該公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)的地塊上,,有一支科研究團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了如何讓水資源自然地流經(jīng)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境,并將其納入小區(qū)的水管理系統(tǒng),。

基特森指出:“水想去哪里,,就會(huì)流到哪里,如果你想挑戰(zhàn)大自然,,那你注定每次都會(huì)失敗,。”在發(fā)生極端降雨天氣時(shí),,濕地,、池塘和原生植被能夠起到很好的調(diào)節(jié)作用,減少房屋被淹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。

在佛羅里達(dá)群島,,娜塔莉亞·帕達(dá)利諾和她的丈夫艾倫·克林格勒打算在今年12月前蓋一間Deltec式的房子。他們夫婦擔(dān)心全球變暖和颶風(fēng)會(huì)對(duì)佛羅里達(dá)群島的氣候產(chǎn)生影響,,所以他們認(rèn)真研究了哪種房子既有環(huán)保性,,又能抵抗颶風(fēng)。

“我們相信,,我們正在蓋的房子將是一筆絕佳的投資,,而且它可以降低我們?cè)馐苤卮鬄?zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!笨肆指窭照f,。

“人們非常樂于接受這種新型房屋。他們對(duì)我們說,,如果颶風(fēng)來了,,他們都想待在我們的房子里?!迸吝_(dá)利諾說,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

常駐墨西哥灣的美聯(lián)社視頻記者Laura Bargfeld和新奧爾良的攝影師Gerald Herbert對(duì)本文有貢獻(xiàn)。

譯者:樸成奎

五年前,,颶風(fēng)“邁克爾”襲擊了佛羅里達(dá)州墨西哥灣的狹長地帶,,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫荨け柹募议T口一度堆滿了被颶風(fēng)掀翻的車輛,但他的家卻安然無恙,。保爾森的房子是一座圓形高腳屋,,建立在數(shù)根離地14英尺高的柱子上,從外面看去仿佛一艘船,。這樣一個(gè)看起來并不十分堅(jiān)固的建筑,,卻擋住了有摧枯拉朽之能的5級(jí)颶風(fēng),。

回想起接到撤離警告時(shí)的情景,保爾森回憶道:“我一點(diǎn)也不緊張,,”她的房子在颶風(fēng)中只損失了幾塊瓦片。颶風(fēng)過后拍攝的照片顯示,,她家周圍的房子幾乎全成了殘?jiān)珨啾?,只有她的房子安然無恙地矗立在原處。

考慮到受氣候變化影響,,近些年的極端天氣正在逐年增加,,一些開發(fā)商正在建造像保爾森家這樣具備更強(qiáng)的抗災(zāi)能力和環(huán)保性的房子。比如這些房子的太陽能電池板可以安裝得很隱蔽,,再大的風(fēng)也無法將它掀翻,,這意味著颶風(fēng)一過,房主馬上可以繼續(xù)依賴清潔能源發(fā)電,。高腳屋式的建筑風(fēng)格也讓濕地和天然綠植原汁原味地保存了下來,,從而減少了水土流失。開發(fā)商還使用了可回收建材或其他先進(jìn)建材,,以降低能源和原材料的使用,。

對(duì)于一個(gè)普通人來說,選擇低碳家居是降低個(gè)人碳排放最有效的方式之一,。建筑物每年釋放的溫室氣體約占所有能源相關(guān)溫室氣體排放的38%,,其中有部分碳排放來自照明和空調(diào)等能耗設(shè)備,還有一些則來自混凝土和鋼鐵等建材的制造過程,。

保爾森的房子是由一家名叫Deltec的房地產(chǎn)公司建造的,。該公司表示,它在過去30年間建造了近1400套房子,,其中有1套房子在颶風(fēng)中出現(xiàn)過結(jié)構(gòu)性損壞,。除了安全性以外,該公司還特別注重環(huán)保性,,它采用了高質(zhì)量的隔熱材料以確保制冷和制熱效果,,從而降低了空調(diào)和供暖設(shè)備的能耗,同時(shí)它還使用了太陽能來提供家居用電,。

該公司首席執(zhí)行官史蒂夫·林頓介紹道:“我們真正的神奇之處,,是做到了統(tǒng)籌兼顧。很多時(shí)候人們?cè)谡劦娇沙掷m(xù)性建筑的時(shí)候,,它的抗災(zāi)性是不太被人重視的,,人們只把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)不起眼的功能……但是我們相信,抗災(zāi)性也是可持續(xù)性建筑的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)性的組成部分,?!?/p>

還有一些房地產(chǎn)公司正在設(shè)計(jì)整體的新型小區(qū),,它既能抵御颶風(fēng)災(zāi)害,又具備更強(qiáng)的環(huán)保性,,從而有助于應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,。

以Pearl Homes公司在佛羅里達(dá)州科爾特斯市開發(fā)的Hunters Point小區(qū)為例,它一期已建成26幢房屋,,2024年底將完成二期30幢房屋的建設(shè),。這些房子都獲得了LEED白金認(rèn)證,這是美國最常見的綠色建筑評(píng)級(jí)體系的最高等級(jí),。

為了增強(qiáng)抗洪水的能力,,該小區(qū)將所有房屋抬高了4.8米,小區(qū)所有路面也同樣被抬高了,,同時(shí)優(yōu)化了小區(qū)的防澇導(dǎo)流結(jié)構(gòu),。房屋采用了鋼制屋頂,并通過接縫將太陽能電池板緊密固定,,使強(qiáng)風(fēng)很難從電池板下方吹過,。而且小區(qū)一旦停電,這些房屋里的電池就會(huì)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng),。

Pearl Homes公司的首席執(zhí)行官馬歇爾·戈布特表示,,他的團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)與中佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)接洽,打算合作設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)不會(huì)加重氣候變化的小區(qū)建筑方案,?!拔蚁M@個(gè)小區(qū)不僅具有環(huán)保性和抗災(zāi)性,而且與現(xiàn)在佛羅里達(dá)的所有住房設(shè)計(jì)完全不同,。我看過不少新建的房子,,離這兒只有半英里,一場(chǎng)颶風(fēng)后都被淹到水下了……我們正處于氣候變化帶來的危機(jī)之中,?!?/p>

居住在墨西哥灣的保爾森對(duì)此深有共鳴。她表示,,她不想再過“每天都要看看大西洋上的颶風(fēng)到哪兒了”的日子了,。除了更安心之外,她家現(xiàn)在每月的能源成本只有32美元,,遠(yuǎn)低于之前的房子每個(gè)月250美元的能源成本,。

“我覺得大家并沒有考慮到環(huán)境災(zāi)難問題,并且針對(duì)它進(jìn)行調(diào)整,。我們還在建造那種會(huì)被風(fēng)吹走的老房子,。”她說,。

Babcock Ranch也是南佛羅里達(dá)的一個(gè)兼具環(huán)保性和抗災(zāi)性的小區(qū),,它號(hào)稱是美國的第一個(gè)太陽能城鎮(zhèn),,它占地約870英畝(350公頃)的土地上,共使用了68萬塊太陽能電池板,,發(fā)電量達(dá)150兆瓦,。它也是全美第一個(gè)使用了大型電池存儲(chǔ)太陽能的小區(qū)之一,存儲(chǔ)的電量主要用于夜間或停電時(shí)使用,。

Babcock Ranch公司是2006年由悉德·基特森創(chuàng)辦的,。由于該小區(qū)房屋的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)與地基連為一體,因此它能有效抵御颶風(fēng),。小區(qū)的電線也埋在地下,不會(huì)被風(fēng)吹斷,。房子的門也都是朝外開的,,不會(huì)被大風(fēng)向內(nèi)吹開。房子還設(shè)計(jì)了一些通風(fēng)口,,用于平衡車庫里的氣壓,。

基特森介紹道,2022年,,Babcock Ranch小區(qū)遭受了4級(jí)颶風(fēng)“伊恩”的襲擊,,但幾乎沒有造成任何損害。

基特森表示:“我們的例子證明,,新型城鎮(zhèn)是可以與環(huán)境和諧共生的,。而且除非你的房子建得有很強(qiáng)的抗災(zāi)性,否則你就得不斷的維修它,,甚至必要時(shí)還得拆掉它,。”

出于保護(hù)濕地的考慮,,該公司將它買下的約73000英畝(29500公頃)土地賣給了州政府,。而在該公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)的地塊上,有一支科研究團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了如何讓水資源自然地流經(jīng)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境,,并將其納入小區(qū)的水管理系統(tǒng),。

基特森指出:“水想去哪里,就會(huì)流到哪里,,如果你想挑戰(zhàn)大自然,,那你注定每次都會(huì)失敗?!痹诎l(fā)生極端降雨天氣時(shí),,濕地、池塘和原生植被能夠起到很好的調(diào)節(jié)作用,,減少房屋被淹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。

在佛羅里達(dá)群島,,娜塔莉亞·帕達(dá)利諾和她的丈夫艾倫·克林格勒打算在今年12月前蓋一間Deltec式的房子。他們夫婦擔(dān)心全球變暖和颶風(fēng)會(huì)對(duì)佛羅里達(dá)群島的氣候產(chǎn)生影響,,所以他們認(rèn)真研究了哪種房子既有環(huán)保性,,又能抵抗颶風(fēng)。

“我們相信,,我們正在蓋的房子將是一筆絕佳的投資,,而且它可以降低我們?cè)馐苤卮鬄?zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!笨肆指窭照f,。

“人們非常樂于接受這種新型房屋。他們對(duì)我們說,,如果颶風(fēng)來了,,他們都想待在我們的房子里?!迸吝_(dá)利諾說,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

常駐墨西哥灣的美聯(lián)社視頻記者Laura Bargfeld和新奧爾良的攝影師Gerald Herbert對(duì)本文有貢獻(xiàn)。

譯者:樸成奎

When Hurricane Michael hit the Florida Panhandle five years ago, it left boats, cars and trucks piled up to the windows of Bonny Paulson’s home in the tiny coastal community of Mexico Beach, Florida, even though the house rests on pillars 14 feet above the ground. But Paulson’s home, with a rounded shape that looks something like a ship, shrugged off Category 5 winds that might otherwise have collapsed it.

“I wasn’t nervous at all,” Paulson said, recalling the warning to evacuate. Her house lost only a few shingles, with photos taken after the storm showing it standing whole amid the wreckage of almost all the surrounding homes.

Some developers are building homes like Paulson’s with an eye toward making them more resilient to the extreme weather that’s increasing with climate change, and friendlier to the environment at the same time. Solar panels, for example, installed so snugly that high winds can’t get underneath them, mean clean power that can survive a storm. Preserved wetlands and native vegetation that trap carbon in the ground and reduce flooding vulnerability, too. Recycled or advanced construction materials that reduce energy use as well as the need to make new material.

A person’s home is one of the biggest ways they can reduce their individual carbon footprint. Buildings release about 38% of all energy-related greenhouse gas emissions each year. Some of the carbon pollution comes from powering things like lights and air conditioners and some of it from making the construction materials, like concrete and steel.

Deltec, the company that built Paulson’s home, says that only one of the nearly 1,400 homes it’s built over the last three decades has suffered structural damage from hurricane-force winds. But the company puts as much emphasis on building green, with higher-quality insulation that reduces the need for air conditioning, heat pumps for more efficient heating and cooling, energy-efficient appliances, and of course solar.

“The real magic here is that we’re doing both,” chief executive Steve Linton. “I think a lot of times resilience is sort of the afterthought when you talk about sustainable construction, where it’s just kind of this is a feature on a list … we believe that resilience is really a fundamental part of sustainability.”

Other companies are developing entire neighborhoods that are both resistant to hurricanes and contribute less than average to climate change.

Pearl Homes’ Hunters Point community in Cortez, Florida, consists of 26 completed houses and 30 to be built by the end of 2024 that are all LEED-certified platinum, the highest level of one of the most-used green building rating systems.

To reduce vulnerability to flooding, home sites are raised 16 feet (4.8 meters) above code. Roads are raised, too, and designed to direct accumulating rainfall away and onto ground where it may be absorbed. Steel roofs with seams allow solar panels to be attached so closely it’s difficult for high winds to get under them, and the homes have batteries that kick in when power is knocked out.

Pearl Homes CEO Marshall Gobuty said his team approached the University of Central Florida with a plan to build a community that doesn’t contribute to climate change. “I wanted them to be not just sustainable, but resilient, I wanted them to be so unlike everything else that goes on in Florida,” Gobuty said. “I see homes that are newly built, half a mile away, that are underwater … we are in a crisis with how the weather is changing.”

That resonates with Paulson, in Mexico Beach, who said she didn’t want to “l(fā)ive day to day worried about tracking something in the Atlantic.” Besides greater peace of mind, she says, she’s now enjoying energy costs of about $32 per month, far below the roughly $250 she said she paid in a previous home.

“I don’t really feel that the population is taking into effect the environmental catastrophes, and adjusting for it,” she said. “We’re building the same old stuff that got blown away.”

Babcock Ranch is another sustainable, hurricane-resilient community in South Florida. It calls itself the first solar-powered town in the U.S., generating 150 megawatts of electricity with 680,000 panels on 870 acres (350 hectares). The community was also one of the first in the country to have large batteries on site to store extra solar power to use at night or when the power is out.

Syd Kitson founded Babcock Ranch in 2006. The homes are better able to withstand hurricane winds because the roofs are strapped to a system that connects down to the foundation. Power lines are buried underground so they can’t blow over. The doors swing outward in some homes so when pressure builds up from the wind, they don’t blast open, and vents help balance the pressure in garages.

In 2022, Hurricane Ian churned over Babcock Ranch as a Category 4 storm. It left little to no damage, Kitson said.

“We set out to prove that a new town and the environment can work hand-in-hand, and I think we’ve proven that,” said Kitson. “Unless you build in a very resilient way, you’re just going to constantly be repairing or demolishing the home.”

The development sold some 73,000 acres (29,500 hectares) of its site to the state for wetland preservation, and on the land where it built, a team studied how water naturally flows through the local environment and incorporated it into its water management system.

“That water is going to go where it wants to go, if you’re going to try and challenge Mother Nature, you’re going to lose every single time,” Kitson said. The wetlands, retention ponds, and native vegetation are better able to manage water during extreme rainfall, reducing the risk of flooded homes.

In the Florida Keys, Natalia Padalino and her husband, Alan Klingler, plan to finish building a Deltec home by December. The couple was concerned about the future impacts global warming and hurricanes would have on the Florida Keys and researched homes that were both sustainable and designed to withstand these storms.

“We believe we’re building something that’s going to be a phenomenal investment and reduce our risk of any major catastrophic situation,” Klingler said.

“People have been really open and receptive. They tell us if a hurricane comes, they’re going to be staying in our place,” Padalino said.

___

Associated Press video journalist Laura Bargfeld, in Mexico Beach, and photographer Gerald Herbert, in New Orleans, contributed.

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