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特朗普關(guān)稅沖擊汽車(chē)行業(yè),,豐田受影響最為嚴(yán)重

彭博社
2025-05-13

豐田的利潤(rùn)在短短兩個(gè)月內(nèi)就下滑了12億美元。

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5月8日,,豐田汽車(chē)社長(zhǎng)兼首席執(zhí)行官佐藤恒治在公司財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上回答記者提問(wèn),。圖片來(lái)源:Kazuhiro Nogi—AFP via Getty Images

豐田汽車(chē)(Toyota Motor Corp.)是全球最大的汽車(chē)制造商,但從美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的潛在損失來(lái)看,,該公司也是汽車(chē)業(yè)的最大輸家,。

進(jìn)口汽車(chē)及零部件關(guān)稅已迫使通用汽車(chē)(General Motors)將全年利潤(rùn)預(yù)期下調(diào)多達(dá)50億美元,福特汽車(chē)(Ford Motor Co.)則預(yù)計(jì)年利潤(rùn)將減少15億美元。而豐田的利潤(rùn)在短短兩個(gè)月內(nèi)就下滑了12億美元,。雖然這家日本車(chē)企未提供2025財(cái)年的全年數(shù)據(jù),,但其預(yù)計(jì)截至2026年3月的財(cái)年?duì)I業(yè)利潤(rùn)為3.8萬(wàn)億日元(約合261億美元),遠(yuǎn)低于分析師預(yù)期的4.7萬(wàn)億日元,。

盡管豐田已將美國(guó)本土產(chǎn)量提升至占其在該國(guó)銷(xiāo)量的一半以上,,但關(guān)鍵零部件和車(chē)型仍依賴(lài)進(jìn)口,年進(jìn)口量約達(dá)120萬(wàn)輛,。這一情況已引起白宮關(guān)注,。特朗普4月2日在白宮玫瑰園發(fā)表爭(zhēng)議性的“解放日”演講時(shí),直接點(diǎn)名這家總部位于豐田市的汽車(chē)廠(chǎng)商,,抱怨其“在美國(guó)銷(xiāo)售100萬(wàn)輛海外制造汽車(chē)”。

巨額關(guān)稅的沖擊源于在美日開(kāi)始雙邊貿(mào)易談判之際,,豐田決定維持美國(guó)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商建議售價(jià)和11家美國(guó)工廠(chǎng)的產(chǎn)量不變,。美日于2月開(kāi)始談判,而何時(shí)才能達(dá)成協(xié)議仍是個(gè)未知數(shù),。

豐田首席執(zhí)行官佐藤恒治上周在發(fā)布最新財(cái)報(bào)后表示:“就關(guān)稅而言,,具體細(xì)節(jié)仍存在極大不確定性。目前難以采取行動(dòng)或評(píng)估影響,?!?/p>

日本首席貿(mào)易談判代表赤澤亮正4月30日援引某未具名企業(yè)高管的估算稱(chēng),目前一家未透露名稱(chēng)的日本車(chē)企因關(guān)稅每小時(shí)損失約100萬(wàn)美元,。日本政府官員上周五拒絕提供更多細(xì)節(jié),。但按每月730小時(shí)計(jì)算,該損失率與豐田預(yù)計(jì)的12億美元減損相差不大,。豐田代表也未回應(yīng)置評(píng)請(qǐng)求,。

雙方將于5月下旬舉行下一輪談判,赤澤亮正希望6月能達(dá)成協(xié)議,。

自4月3日起,,多數(shù)進(jìn)口汽車(chē)開(kāi)始適用25%的美國(guó)關(guān)稅;5月3日起,,多數(shù)汽車(chē)零部件也將適用相同稅率,。盡管存在防止雙重征稅的行政令,但考慮到美國(guó)是日本五大車(chē)企的最大市場(chǎng),,即使關(guān)稅適度上調(diào)也會(huì)對(duì)其利潤(rùn)產(chǎn)生巨大影響,。

特朗普政府5月8日剛與英國(guó)達(dá)成首份貿(mào)易協(xié)議。但去年美國(guó)對(duì)英商品貿(mào)易順差達(dá)119億美元,,對(duì)日逆差卻高達(dá)685億美元,。這種差異可能導(dǎo)致如果任何一方不做出重大讓步,雙方將很難達(dá)成協(xié)議。

T&D資產(chǎn)管理公司(T&D Asset Management Co.)首席策略師浪岡宏表示:“日本要降低對(duì)美出口汽車(chē)的關(guān)稅面臨較高障礙,。但同時(shí),,汽車(chē)業(yè)對(duì)日本太過(guò)重要,不可能簡(jiǎn)單順從美國(guó)的要求,?!?/p>

部分日本車(chē)企已通過(guò)調(diào)整全球生產(chǎn)布局應(yīng)對(duì)艱難的新貿(mào)易環(huán)境。日產(chǎn)汽車(chē)(Nissan Motor Co.)暫停了墨西哥產(chǎn)SUV的美國(guó)訂單,,本田汽車(chē)(Honda Motor Co.)則將思域(Civic)混動(dòng)版生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)從日本轉(zhuǎn)移至美國(guó),。因加拿大對(duì)美實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅,馬自達(dá)汽車(chē)(Mazda Motor Co.)已停止向加出口在阿拉巴馬州與豐田的合資工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的某款車(chē)型,。

日本本土生產(chǎn)承諾

豐田汽車(chē)已投入巨資發(fā)展美國(guó)業(yè)務(wù),,包括斥資139億美元在北卡羅來(lái)納州新建電池工廠(chǎng)。

但該公司仍致力于維持其龐大的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)基地,。董事長(zhǎng)豐田章男多次承諾,,將保持每年至少300萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)的日本本土產(chǎn)能。去年,,該公司在本土生產(chǎn)了310萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē),,約占其全球總產(chǎn)量的三分之一。

2024年,,豐田全球汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)量達(dá)1,080萬(wàn)輛,,其中美國(guó)市場(chǎng)占比略低于四分之一。盡管半數(shù)在美銷(xiāo)售車(chē)輛為美國(guó)本土生產(chǎn),,另有30%來(lái)自鄰國(guó)加拿大和墨西哥,,但仍有約28.1萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)從日本進(jìn)口,包括4Runner中型SUV,、普銳斯(Prius)混動(dòng)車(chē)及多款高端雷克薩斯(Lexus)車(chē)型等暢銷(xiāo)款,。

豐田在美最暢銷(xiāo)車(chē)型——RAV4混動(dòng)跨界車(chē)和卡羅拉(Corolla)緊湊型轎車(chē)——分別在肯塔基州和密西西比州工廠(chǎng)組裝。但燃油版RAV4從加拿大進(jìn)口,,插電混動(dòng)版則從日本進(jìn)口,。卡羅拉車(chē)型的衍生版本,,如運(yùn)動(dòng)款GR,、實(shí)用掀背車(chē)及油電混動(dòng)版,同樣產(chǎn)自日本,。

這種生產(chǎn)布局使豐田成為特朗普政府的重點(diǎn)關(guān)注對(duì)象,,也意味著該車(chē)企的未來(lái)發(fā)展在很大程度上取決于美日貿(mào)易談判的結(jié)果。

豐田低調(diào)回應(yīng)了白宮的批評(píng),,通過(guò)發(fā)言人強(qiáng)調(diào)其自2020年以來(lái)已承諾在美國(guó)投資近210億美元,。這幾乎是該公司在特朗普首個(gè)任期內(nèi)承諾投資金額的兩倍。此前該公司同樣遭到時(shí)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的抨擊。豐田還表示,,其在美創(chuàng)造的直接制造業(yè)就業(yè)崗位已從2016年的2.5萬(wàn)個(gè)增至3.1萬(wàn)個(gè),。

豐田當(dāng)前面臨的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是:美國(guó)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的靈活性嚴(yán)重受限,可能影響其將海外工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)車(chē)輛調(diào)配至美國(guó)的能力,。豐田在美國(guó)歷史最悠久,、規(guī)模最大的整車(chē)組裝基地——肯塔基州喬治敦工廠(chǎng),已無(wú)余力承接新車(chē)型生產(chǎn),。據(jù)豐田駐美代表透露,,截至4月下旬,這座工廠(chǎng)正以接近最大產(chǎn)能滿(mǎn)負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

豐田汽車(chē)(Toyota Motor Corp.)是全球最大的汽車(chē)制造商,,但從美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的潛在損失來(lái)看,該公司也是汽車(chē)業(yè)的最大輸家,。

進(jìn)口汽車(chē)及零部件關(guān)稅已迫使通用汽車(chē)(General Motors)將全年利潤(rùn)預(yù)期下調(diào)多達(dá)50億美元,,福特汽車(chē)(Ford Motor Co.)則預(yù)計(jì)年利潤(rùn)將減少15億美元。而豐田的利潤(rùn)在短短兩個(gè)月內(nèi)就下滑了12億美元,。雖然這家日本車(chē)企未提供2025財(cái)年的全年數(shù)據(jù),但其預(yù)計(jì)截至2026年3月的財(cái)年?duì)I業(yè)利潤(rùn)為3.8萬(wàn)億日元(約合261億美元),,遠(yuǎn)低于分析師預(yù)期的4.7萬(wàn)億日元,。

盡管豐田已將美國(guó)本土產(chǎn)量提升至占其在該國(guó)銷(xiāo)量的一半以上,但關(guān)鍵零部件和車(chē)型仍依賴(lài)進(jìn)口,,年進(jìn)口量約達(dá)120萬(wàn)輛,。這一情況已引起白宮關(guān)注。特朗普4月2日在白宮玫瑰園發(fā)表爭(zhēng)議性的“解放日”演講時(shí),,直接點(diǎn)名這家總部位于豐田市的汽車(chē)廠(chǎng)商,,抱怨其“在美國(guó)銷(xiāo)售100萬(wàn)輛海外制造汽車(chē)”。

巨額關(guān)稅的沖擊源于在美日開(kāi)始雙邊貿(mào)易談判之際,,豐田決定維持美國(guó)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商建議售價(jià)和11家美國(guó)工廠(chǎng)的產(chǎn)量不變,。美日于2月開(kāi)始談判,而何時(shí)才能達(dá)成協(xié)議仍是個(gè)未知數(shù),。

豐田首席執(zhí)行官佐藤恒治上周在發(fā)布最新財(cái)報(bào)后表示:“就關(guān)稅而言,,具體細(xì)節(jié)仍存在極大不確定性。目前難以采取行動(dòng)或評(píng)估影響,?!?/p>

日本首席貿(mào)易談判代表赤澤亮正4月30日援引某未具名企業(yè)高管的估算稱(chēng),目前一家未透露名稱(chēng)的日本車(chē)企因關(guān)稅每小時(shí)損失約100萬(wàn)美元,。日本政府官員上周五拒絕提供更多細(xì)節(jié),。但按每月730小時(shí)計(jì)算,該損失率與豐田預(yù)計(jì)的12億美元減損相差不大。豐田代表也未回應(yīng)置評(píng)請(qǐng)求,。

雙方將于5月下旬舉行下一輪談判,,赤澤亮正希望6月能達(dá)成協(xié)議。

自4月3日起,,多數(shù)進(jìn)口汽車(chē)開(kāi)始適用25%的美國(guó)關(guān)稅,;5月3日起,多數(shù)汽車(chē)零部件也將適用相同稅率,。盡管存在防止雙重征稅的行政令,,但考慮到美國(guó)是日本五大車(chē)企的最大市場(chǎng),即使關(guān)稅適度上調(diào)也會(huì)對(duì)其利潤(rùn)產(chǎn)生巨大影響,。

特朗普政府5月8日剛與英國(guó)達(dá)成首份貿(mào)易協(xié)議,。但去年美國(guó)對(duì)英商品貿(mào)易順差達(dá)119億美元,對(duì)日逆差卻高達(dá)685億美元,。這種差異可能導(dǎo)致如果任何一方不做出重大讓步,,雙方將很難達(dá)成協(xié)議。

T&D資產(chǎn)管理公司(T&D Asset Management Co.)首席策略師浪岡宏表示:“日本要降低對(duì)美出口汽車(chē)的關(guān)稅面臨較高障礙,。但同時(shí),,汽車(chē)業(yè)對(duì)日本太過(guò)重要,不可能簡(jiǎn)單順從美國(guó)的要求,?!?/p>

部分日本車(chē)企已通過(guò)調(diào)整全球生產(chǎn)布局應(yīng)對(duì)艱難的新貿(mào)易環(huán)境。日產(chǎn)汽車(chē)(Nissan Motor Co.)暫停了墨西哥產(chǎn)SUV的美國(guó)訂單,,本田汽車(chē)(Honda Motor Co.)則將思域(Civic)混動(dòng)版生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)從日本轉(zhuǎn)移至美國(guó),。因加拿大對(duì)美實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅,馬自達(dá)汽車(chē)(Mazda Motor Co.)已停止向加出口在阿拉巴馬州與豐田的合資工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的某款車(chē)型,。

日本本土生產(chǎn)承諾

豐田汽車(chē)已投入巨資發(fā)展美國(guó)業(yè)務(wù),,包括斥資139億美元在北卡羅來(lái)納州新建電池工廠(chǎng)。

但該公司仍致力于維持其龐大的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)基地,。董事長(zhǎng)豐田章男多次承諾,,將保持每年至少300萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)的日本本土產(chǎn)能。去年,,該公司在本土生產(chǎn)了310萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē),,約占其全球總產(chǎn)量的三分之一。

2024年,,豐田全球汽車(chē)銷(xiāo)量達(dá)1,080萬(wàn)輛,,其中美國(guó)市場(chǎng)占比略低于四分之一。盡管半數(shù)在美銷(xiāo)售車(chē)輛為美國(guó)本土生產(chǎn),,另有30%來(lái)自鄰國(guó)加拿大和墨西哥,,但仍有約28.1萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)從日本進(jìn)口,,包括4Runner中型SUV、普銳斯(Prius)混動(dòng)車(chē)及多款高端雷克薩斯(Lexus)車(chē)型等暢銷(xiāo)款,。

豐田在美最暢銷(xiāo)車(chē)型——RAV4混動(dòng)跨界車(chē)和卡羅拉(Corolla)緊湊型轎車(chē)——分別在肯塔基州和密西西比州工廠(chǎng)組裝,。但燃油版RAV4從加拿大進(jìn)口,插電混動(dòng)版則從日本進(jìn)口,??_拉車(chē)型的衍生版本,如運(yùn)動(dòng)款GR,、實(shí)用掀背車(chē)及油電混動(dòng)版,,同樣產(chǎn)自日本。

這種生產(chǎn)布局使豐田成為特朗普政府的重點(diǎn)關(guān)注對(duì)象,,也意味著該車(chē)企的未來(lái)發(fā)展在很大程度上取決于美日貿(mào)易談判的結(jié)果,。

豐田低調(diào)回應(yīng)了白宮的批評(píng),通過(guò)發(fā)言人強(qiáng)調(diào)其自2020年以來(lái)已承諾在美國(guó)投資近210億美元,。這幾乎是該公司在特朗普首個(gè)任期內(nèi)承諾投資金額的兩倍,。此前該公司同樣遭到時(shí)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的抨擊。豐田還表示,,其在美創(chuàng)造的直接制造業(yè)就業(yè)崗位已從2016年的2.5萬(wàn)個(gè)增至3.1萬(wàn)個(gè),。

豐田當(dāng)前面臨的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是:美國(guó)現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的靈活性嚴(yán)重受限,可能影響其將海外工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)車(chē)輛調(diào)配至美國(guó)的能力,。豐田在美國(guó)歷史最悠久,、規(guī)模最大的整車(chē)組裝基地——肯塔基州喬治敦工廠(chǎng),已無(wú)余力承接新車(chē)型生產(chǎn),。據(jù)豐田駐美代表透露,截至4月下旬,,這座工廠(chǎng)正以接近最大產(chǎn)能滿(mǎn)負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

Toyota Motor Corp. is the biggest carmaker in the world — and also the auto industry’s biggest loser when it comes to projected losses from US President Donald Trump’s trade war.

Duties on imported cars and auto parts forced General Motors Co. to slash its full-year profit guidance by as much as $5 billion while Ford Motor Co. is bracing for a $1.5 billion annual hit. Toyota sees a $1.2 billion profit drop in just two months. While the Japanese automaker didn’t provide a tally for all of 2025, it did project operating income of ¥3.8 trillion ($26.1 billion) for the fiscal year ending March 2026 — far below the ¥4.7 trillion expected by analysts.

While Toyota has increased local production in the US to more than half of sales in the country, it still relies on imports of key vehicle parts and models — to the tune of some 1.2 million cars a year. The White House has noticed, with Trump calling out the Toyota City-based automaker by name during his contentious Liberation Day speech in the Rose Garden on April 2. He complained about Toyota’s “one million foreign made automobiles” sold in the US.

The huge tariff hit reflects the company’s decision to hold the line on sticker prices at US dealers and production volumes at its 11 American factories amid the start of bilateral trade negotiations between the US and Japan. Those talks started in February and it’s unclear when they will conclude with a deal.

“When it comes to tariffs, the details are still incredibly fluid,” Toyota’s Chief Executive Officer, Koji Sato, said last week after releasing the latest financial results. “It’s difficult to take steps or measure the impact.”

Japan’s chief trade negotiator, Ryosei Akazawa, said on April 30 that one unnamed Japanese automaker is currently losing around $1 million per hour from the tariffs, citing a calculation made by an unidentified corporate executive. A Japanese government official on Friday declined to provide more specifics. But that rate of loss isn’t too far off the mark from the $1.2 billion hit Toyota is projecting based on 730 hours per month. Representatives for Toyota also didn’t respond to a request for comment.

Akazawa has expressed hope that an agreement could be reached in June with the next round of negotiations taking place in late May.

Most imported vehicles became subject to a 25% US duty on April 3 while most auto parts become subject to that levy as of May 3. There are some executive orders that prevent duties from doubling up but considering the US is the biggest market for Japan’s five largest carmakers, even a moderately increase in tariffs will have an outsized impact on their bottom lines.

The Trump administration reached its first trade deal on May 8 with the United Kingdom. But the US had a $11.9 billion goods trade surplus with the UK last year, whereas it ran a $68.5 billion deficit with Japan. That may make it more difficult to secure an agreement without significant concessions by one side.

“The hurdle is high for Japan to get auto tariffs lowered” on exports to the US, said Hiroshi Namioka, chief strategist at T&D Asset Management Co. “At the same time, the auto industry is too important for Japan to simply go along with what the US wants.”

Some Japanese automakers have responded to the tough new trade environment by making changes to their global manufacturing footprints. Nissan Motor Co. halted US orders for SUVs built in Mexico while Honda Motor Co. is shifting production of the hybrid version of its Civic from Japan to the US. Due to retaliatory tariffs against the US, Mazda Motor Co. is stopping exports to Canada of one model that’s manufactured at an Alabama factory that’s a joint venture with Toyota.

Japan Production Pledge

Toyota has already invested heavily to build out its US operations — including spending $13.9 billion on a new battery plant in North Carolina. But it also remains committed to maintaining its extensive domestic production base. Chairman Akio Toyoda has repeatedly pledged to keep making at least three million vehicles a year in Japan. Last year, the company built 3.1 million cars in its home country, about a third of its worldwide production total.

Globally, Toyota sold 10.8 million cars in 2024, with the US accounting for a little less than a quarter of those. While half were made locally and another 30% came from neighboring Canada and Mexico, some 281,000 vehicles were imported from Japan. That includes popular models such as the 4Runner mid-sized SUV, Prius hybrid and several upscale Lexus vehicles.

The company’s best-sellers in the US — the RAV4 hybrid crossover and Corolla compact sedan — are assembled at factories in Kentucky and Mississippi. But gas-only RAV4s are imported from Canada and the plug-in hybrid comes from Japan. Corolla models variants like the sporty GR, practical hatchback and gas-electric hybrid also carry made-in-Japan labels.

That exposure puts Toyota in the crosshairs of the Trump administration and means the automaker has a lot riding on the outcome of the US-Japan trade negotiations.

The carmaker has quietly pushed back on the White House’s critique, noting through a spokesman that it’s committed to spend almost $21 billion in the US just since 2020. That’s nearly double the pledge it made during Trump’s first administration — after similarly coming under attack by the US president. Toyota also said has increased direct manufacturing employment in the US to 31,000 workers, up from 25,000 in 2016.

One issue it faces: A severe restraint on flexibility at existing manufacturing facilities in the US, which could affect its ability to shift vehicles from overseas plants. Toyota’s factory in Georgetown, Kentucky — the oldest and largest of its US vehicle-assembly operations — has no slack for new models. It was running full-tilt at nearly 100% of its maximum capacity as of late April, according to a US-based representative for the company.

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