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橋水基金創(chuàng)始人:美國信用降級(jí)帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將超乎想象

Paolo Confino
2025-05-22

瑞·達(dá)利歐警告稱,穆迪近期對(duì)美國信用評(píng)級(jí)的調(diào)降僅反映出債券持有者當(dāng)前承受的部分風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。

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傳奇投資人雷·達(dá)利歐警告稱,,穆迪近期對(duì)美國信用評(píng)級(jí)的調(diào)降僅反映出債券持有者當(dāng)前承受的部分風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。

達(dá)利歐在X平臺(tái)發(fā)文稱:“關(guān)于美國債務(wù)降級(jí),需知信用評(píng)級(jí)僅評(píng)價(jià)了政府違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,因而低估了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。”

上周,,評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)穆迪將美國評(píng)級(jí)從AAA下調(diào)至Aa1,,理由是美國國債膨脹導(dǎo)致財(cái)政狀況日益惡化。在穆迪下調(diào)評(píng)級(jí)后,,美國在三大評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)中徹底失去最高評(píng)級(jí),。

穆迪表示,目前國會(huì)審議的預(yù)算法案只會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加美國本就高企的債務(wù)與利息支出,。

關(guān)于美國債務(wù)降級(jí),,需知信用評(píng)級(jí)僅評(píng)價(jià)了政府違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因而低估了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。評(píng)級(jí)未涵蓋負(fù)債國通過印鈔償債所帶來的更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——此舉將導(dǎo)致債券持有者……

——雷·達(dá)利歐 (@RayDalio) ,,2025年5月19日

穆迪在聲明中表示:“我們認(rèn)為當(dāng)前正在審議的財(cái)政提案不會(huì)在未來幾年實(shí)質(zhì)性地削減開支和縮小赤字?!?

然而,,盡管穆迪認(rèn)為美國違約拒絕償債的情景目前不太可能出現(xiàn),但達(dá)利歐認(rèn)為存在一個(gè)更大的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。他指出,,美國失去頂級(jí)評(píng)級(jí)甚至未涵蓋更危險(xiǎn)的威脅:通過印鈔償債。

達(dá)利歐強(qiáng)調(diào):“評(píng)級(jí)未涵蓋負(fù)債國通過印鈔償債所帶來的更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——此舉將導(dǎo)致債券持有者因所獲資金的購買力下降(而非償付金額減少)而蒙受損失?!?

若美國單純選擇通過增發(fā)美元償債,,而非削減其他開支或增加財(cái)政收入,貨幣供應(yīng)量激增將引發(fā)通脹,。在此情形下,,債券持有者獲得的收益因美元泛濫稀釋,實(shí)際價(jià)值將大打折扣,。

達(dá)利歐寫道:“換言之,對(duì)于關(guān)注貨幣價(jià)值的人而言,,美國政府債務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)所傳達(dá)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度更為嚴(yán)重,。”

此次信用降級(jí)引發(fā)債市拋售潮,,30年期美債收益率周一突破5%,。這標(biāo)志著美國財(cái)政信譽(yù)遭受打擊,盡管只是象征意義上的打擊,,但也顯示其作為投資者避風(fēng)港的吸引力正在減弱,。

美債收益率上次突破5%發(fā)生在2025年4月2日特朗普總統(tǒng)宣布對(duì)等關(guān)稅之后,當(dāng)時(shí)引發(fā)了股市和債市的重大拋售,。最終特朗普暫緩關(guān)稅政策,,稱投資者變得“有些急躁,有點(diǎn)恐慌”的情緒,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

傳奇投資人雷·達(dá)利歐警告稱,,穆迪近期對(duì)美國信用評(píng)級(jí)的調(diào)降僅反映出債券持有者當(dāng)前承受的部分風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

達(dá)利歐在X平臺(tái)發(fā)文稱:“關(guān)于美國債務(wù)降級(jí),,需知信用評(píng)級(jí)僅評(píng)價(jià)了政府違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,因而低估了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!?/p>

上周,,評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)穆迪將美國評(píng)級(jí)從AAA下調(diào)至Aa1,理由是美國國債膨脹導(dǎo)致財(cái)政狀況日益惡化,。在穆迪下調(diào)評(píng)級(jí)后,,美國在三大評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)中徹底失去最高評(píng)級(jí)。

穆迪表示,,目前國會(huì)審議的預(yù)算法案只會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加美國本就高企的債務(wù)與利息支出,。

關(guān)于美國債務(wù)降級(jí),需知信用評(píng)級(jí)僅評(píng)價(jià)了政府違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,因而低估了信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。評(píng)級(jí)未涵蓋負(fù)債國通過印鈔償債所帶來的更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——此舉將導(dǎo)致債券持有者……

——雷·達(dá)利歐 (@RayDalio) ,2025年5月19日

穆迪在聲明中表示:“我們認(rèn)為當(dāng)前正在審議的財(cái)政提案不會(huì)在未來幾年實(shí)質(zhì)性地削減開支和縮小赤字?!?

然而,,盡管穆迪認(rèn)為美國違約拒絕償債的情景目前不太可能出現(xiàn),但達(dá)利歐認(rèn)為存在一個(gè)更大的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。他指出,,美國失去頂級(jí)評(píng)級(jí)甚至未涵蓋更危險(xiǎn)的威脅:通過印鈔償債。

達(dá)利歐強(qiáng)調(diào):“評(píng)級(jí)未涵蓋負(fù)債國通過印鈔償債所帶來的更大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——此舉將導(dǎo)致債券持有者因所獲資金的購買力下降(而非償付金額減少)而蒙受損失,?!?

若美國單純選擇通過增發(fā)美元償債,而非削減其他開支或增加財(cái)政收入,,貨幣供應(yīng)量激增將引發(fā)通脹,。在此情形下,債券持有者獲得的收益因美元泛濫稀釋,,實(shí)際價(jià)值將大打折扣,。

達(dá)利歐寫道:“換言之,對(duì)于關(guān)注貨幣價(jià)值的人而言,,美國政府債務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)所傳達(dá)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度更為嚴(yán)重,。”

此次信用降級(jí)引發(fā)債市拋售潮,,30年期美債收益率周一突破5%,。這標(biāo)志著美國財(cái)政信譽(yù)遭受打擊,盡管只是象征意義上的打擊,,但也顯示其作為投資者避風(fēng)港的吸引力正在減弱,。

美債收益率上次突破5%發(fā)生在2025年4月2日特朗普總統(tǒng)宣布對(duì)等關(guān)稅之后,當(dāng)時(shí)引發(fā)了股市和債市的重大拋售,。最終特朗普暫緩關(guān)稅政策,,稱投資者變得“有些急躁,有點(diǎn)恐慌”的情緒,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

Legendary investor Ray Dalio warned that Moody’s recent downgrade of the U.S.’s credit rating only captures a portion of the risks bondholders now face.

Regarding “the U.S. debt downgrade, you should know that credit ratings understate credit risks because they only rate the risk of the government not paying its debt,” Dalio wrote in a post on X.

Last week, the credit ratings agency Moody’s cut the U.S. rating from AAA to Aa1, citing a worsening fiscal picture because of the ballooning national debt. After Moody’s downgrade, the U.S. not longer has a top rating at any of the Big Three credit ratings agencies.

The current budget bill being debated in Congress would only increase the U.S.’s already mounting debt and interest payments, Moody’s said.

Re the U.S. debt downgrade, you should know that credit ratings understate credit risks because they only rate the risk of the government not paying its debt. They don't include the greater risk that the countries in debt will print money to pay their debts thus causing holders…

— Ray Dalio (@RayDalio) May 19, 2025

“We do not believe that material multi-year reductions in mandatory spending and deficits will result from current fiscal proposals under consideration,” the agency wrote in a statement.

Dalio, though, sees a greater potential risk than the U.S. not paying its debts, which is an unlikely scenario at the moment, according to Moody’s. He argues the U.S.’s demotion from the top rung of credit ratings doesn’t even include the more dangerous threat: printing money to pay off the debts.

“They don’t include the greater risk that the countries in debt will print money to pay their debts thus causing holders of the bonds to suffer losses from the decreased value of the money they’re getting (rather than from the decreased quantity of money they’re getting),” Dalio said.

If the U.S. were merely to print more dollars in order to service its debt, rather than decreasing spending elsewhere or increasing government revenues, the increase in the money supply would lead to inflation. In that case, the money bond holders would earn from their yields would be worth less, by virtue of being diluted with all the extra dollars, than they would have been otherwise.

“Said differently, for those who care about the value of their money, the risks for U.S. government debt are greater than the rating agencies are conveying,” Dalio wrote.

The credit downgrade sparked a sell-off in the bond market, with yields on 30-year Treasuries rising above 5% Monday. It marks a blow—however symbolic—to the U.S.’s fiscal reputation, indicating it’s less appealing as a safe haven for investors.

The last time bond yields were north of 5% was in the immediate aftermath of President Donald Trump’s reciprocal tariff announcement on April 2, which induced a major sell-off in both equities and bonds. Eventually Trump paused his policy, saying that investors had gotten “a little bit yippy, a little bit afraid.”

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