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因兵員短缺,,美軍過去三年為保持兵力花費(fèi)60億美元

美聯(lián)社
2025-05-28

過去十年間,美國陸軍面臨最嚴(yán)峻的征兵困境,。

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過去三年間,美國軍方為招募和留住兵員投入逾60億美元資金,,這場應(yīng)對(duì)征兵缺口的“攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)”正不斷升級(jí),。

根據(jù)各軍種提供的經(jīng)費(fèi)總額,2022年至去年期間,,美國陸軍,、海軍、空軍及海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)大幅提高了對(duì)延長服役的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì),,其中海軍支出規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)超其他軍種,。在陸軍和海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)大幅增加支出的推動(dòng)下,總體征兵獎(jiǎng)金也持續(xù)攀升,。

多年來,,美國各軍種都在持續(xù)投入資金,作為征兵與延長服役獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),。隨著五角大樓高層試圖扭轉(zhuǎn)入伍人數(shù)下滑的趨勢,,特別是在新冠疫情防控措施導(dǎo)致征兵人員賴以接觸年輕人的公共活動(dòng)、展會(huì)及校園訪問被迫中斷之際,,相關(guān)支出總額激增,。

結(jié)合一系列新計(jì)劃、增派征兵人員以及調(diào)整入伍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等舉措,,這些額外激勵(lì)措施持續(xù)助力各軍種擺脫兵員短缺的困境,。除海軍外,其余軍種去年均達(dá)成征兵目標(biāo),,且今年有望延續(xù)這一態(tài)勢,。

美國總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普與國防部長皮特·赫格塞思反復(fù)將征兵復(fù)蘇歸因于特朗普當(dāng)選,。但實(shí)際入伍人數(shù)早在去年11月前就已開始增長,官員們認(rèn)為這與各軍種推行的全面改革措施(包括加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì))存在更直接關(guān)聯(lián),。

作為規(guī)模最大的軍種,,美國陸軍在2022年和2024年的征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出高于其他軍種。但在2023年,,正艱難應(yīng)對(duì)重大征兵缺口的海軍在此項(xiàng)支出上大幅反超陸軍,。

因此,盡管海軍規(guī)模較小,,三年間總支出仍超過陸軍,。

海軍為吸引水兵延長服役的支出,同樣遠(yuǎn)超其他軍種,。過去三年,,海軍每年向約7萬名現(xiàn)役軍人發(fā)放延長服役獎(jiǎng)金。這一數(shù)字是陸軍每年獲延長服役獎(jiǎng)金的士兵人數(shù)的兩倍有余,,盡管陸軍規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)超海軍,。

美國海軍作戰(zhàn)部副部長詹姆斯·基爾比上將在3月向參議院軍事委員會(huì)作證時(shí)表示:“海軍致力于留住最有實(shí)力的水兵;人員保留是實(shí)現(xiàn)編制目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵,?!?

他指出士兵延長服役率“保持穩(wěn)健”,但在航空,、爆炸物處理、水面與水下作戰(zhàn),、醫(yī)療及海軍特種作戰(zhàn)等專業(yè)領(lǐng)域,,軍官保留仍面臨挑戰(zhàn)。他補(bǔ)充說,,海軍填補(bǔ)所有海上崗位存在困難,,正以經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)作為應(yīng)對(duì)手段之一。

過去十年間,,美國陸軍面臨最嚴(yán)峻的征兵困境,,但通過實(shí)施一系列新計(jì)劃與政策,實(shí)現(xiàn)了最顯著的反彈,。近期海軍遭遇最大挑戰(zhàn),,為此采取了多項(xiàng)措施擴(kuò)大適役人群并增加獎(jiǎng)金投入。

陸軍在每年斥資數(shù)億美元征兵的同時(shí),,也在通過新計(jì)劃與政策吸引年輕人參軍,。2022年8月,在南卡羅來納州杰克遜堡啟動(dòng)的“未來士兵預(yù)備課程”,,成為陸軍扭轉(zhuǎn)征兵困境的關(guān)鍵舉措,。

該計(jì)劃為未達(dá)標(biāo)的應(yīng)征者提供最長90天的文化課或體能培訓(xùn),,助其達(dá)到入伍標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并繼續(xù)接受基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練,。該計(jì)劃已促成數(shù)千人成功入伍,。

美國空軍在2023年因兵員短缺壓力而增加了征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出,次年下調(diào)了獎(jiǎng)金額度,。獎(jiǎng)金覆蓋彈藥系統(tǒng),、戰(zhàn)機(jī)維護(hù)及安保部隊(duì)等崗位。太空軍目前尚未設(shè)立入伍獎(jiǎng)金制度,。

美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)與規(guī)模較小的太空軍能一直穩(wěn)定達(dá)成征兵目標(biāo),,但海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)在2022年不得不從大量延遲入伍人選中進(jìn)行招募才完成指標(biāo)。相較于陸軍與空軍,,規(guī)模更小的海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出最少,,并且傾向于將資金發(fā)放給更多現(xiàn)役軍人。

美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)發(fā)言人雅各比·蓋提少校表示,,延長服役獎(jiǎng)金從2023年的1.26億美元激增至2024年的2.01億美元,,源于首次允許海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員提前一年續(xù)簽延長服役合同。 此舉使超7,000名海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),,較上年激增近2,200人,。

當(dāng)被問及2023年的獎(jiǎng)金問題時(shí),海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)司令埃里克·史密斯上將曾在海軍會(huì)議上發(fā)表過一段名言:“你們的獎(jiǎng)金就是獲得‘陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員’的稱號(hào),?!?/p>

“這才是獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),不是嗎,?這份榮譽(yù)無法用金錢衡量,。”

各軍種將征兵與留任資金重點(diǎn)投向緊缺崗位,,包括網(wǎng)絡(luò),、情報(bào)及特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)。陸軍與海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)還利用資金吸引兵員投身部分作戰(zhàn),、裝甲及炮兵崗位,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

過去三年間,美國軍方為招募和留住兵員投入逾60億美元資金,,這場應(yīng)對(duì)征兵缺口的“攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)”正不斷升級(jí),。

根據(jù)各軍種提供的經(jīng)費(fèi)總額,2022年至去年期間,,美國陸軍,、海軍、空軍及海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)大幅提高了對(duì)延長服役的經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì),其中海軍支出規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)超其他軍種,。在陸軍和海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)大幅增加支出的推動(dòng)下,,總體征兵獎(jiǎng)金也持續(xù)攀升。

多年來,,美國各軍種都在持續(xù)投入資金,,作為征兵與延長服役獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。隨著五角大樓高層試圖扭轉(zhuǎn)入伍人數(shù)下滑的趨勢,,特別是在新冠疫情防控措施導(dǎo)致征兵人員賴以接觸年輕人的公共活動(dòng),、展會(huì)及校園訪問被迫中斷之際,相關(guān)支出總額激增,。

結(jié)合一系列新計(jì)劃,、增派征兵人員以及調(diào)整入伍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等舉措,這些額外激勵(lì)措施持續(xù)助力各軍種擺脫兵員短缺的困境,。除海軍外,,其余軍種去年均達(dá)成征兵目標(biāo),且今年有望延續(xù)這一態(tài)勢,。

美國總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普與國防部長皮特·赫格塞思反復(fù)將征兵復(fù)蘇歸因于特朗普當(dāng)選,。但實(shí)際入伍人數(shù)早在去年11月前就已開始增長,官員們認(rèn)為這與各軍種推行的全面改革措施(包括加強(qiáng)經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì))存在更直接關(guān)聯(lián),。

作為規(guī)模最大的軍種,,美國陸軍在2022年和2024年的征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出高于其他軍種。但在2023年,,正艱難應(yīng)對(duì)重大征兵缺口的海軍在此項(xiàng)支出上大幅反超陸軍,。

因此,盡管海軍規(guī)模較小,,三年間總支出仍超過陸軍,。

海軍為吸引水兵延長服役的支出,同樣遠(yuǎn)超其他軍種,。過去三年,海軍每年向約7萬名現(xiàn)役軍人發(fā)放延長服役獎(jiǎng)金,。這一數(shù)字是陸軍每年獲延長服役獎(jiǎng)金的士兵人數(shù)的兩倍有余,,盡管陸軍規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)超海軍。

美國海軍作戰(zhàn)部副部長詹姆斯·基爾比上將在3月向參議院軍事委員會(huì)作證時(shí)表示:“海軍致力于留住最有實(shí)力的水兵,;人員保留是實(shí)現(xiàn)編制目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵,。”

他指出士兵延長服役率“保持穩(wěn)健”,,但在航空,、爆炸物處理、水面與水下作戰(zhàn)、醫(yī)療及海軍特種作戰(zhàn)等專業(yè)領(lǐng)域,,軍官保留仍面臨挑戰(zhàn),。他補(bǔ)充說,海軍填補(bǔ)所有海上崗位存在困難,,正以經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)作為應(yīng)對(duì)手段之一,。

過去十年間,美國陸軍面臨最嚴(yán)峻的征兵困境,,但通過實(shí)施一系列新計(jì)劃與政策,,實(shí)現(xiàn)了最顯著的反彈。近期海軍遭遇最大挑戰(zhàn),,為此采取了多項(xiàng)措施擴(kuò)大適役人群并增加獎(jiǎng)金投入,。

陸軍在每年斥資數(shù)億美元征兵的同時(shí),也在通過新計(jì)劃與政策吸引年輕人參軍,。2022年8月,,在南卡羅來納州杰克遜堡啟動(dòng)的“未來士兵預(yù)備課程”,成為陸軍扭轉(zhuǎn)征兵困境的關(guān)鍵舉措,。

該計(jì)劃為未達(dá)標(biāo)的應(yīng)征者提供最長90天的文化課或體能培訓(xùn),,助其達(dá)到入伍標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并繼續(xù)接受基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練,。該計(jì)劃已促成數(shù)千人成功入伍,。

美國空軍在2023年因兵員短缺壓力而增加了征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出,次年下調(diào)了獎(jiǎng)金額度,。獎(jiǎng)金覆蓋彈藥系統(tǒng),、戰(zhàn)機(jī)維護(hù)及安保部隊(duì)等崗位。太空軍目前尚未設(shè)立入伍獎(jiǎng)金制度,。

美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)與規(guī)模較小的太空軍能一直穩(wěn)定達(dá)成征兵目標(biāo),,但海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)在2022年不得不從大量延遲入伍人選中進(jìn)行招募才完成指標(biāo)。相較于陸軍與空軍,,規(guī)模更小的海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)征兵獎(jiǎng)金支出最少,,并且傾向于將資金發(fā)放給更多現(xiàn)役軍人。

美國海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)發(fā)言人雅各比·蓋提少校表示,,延長服役獎(jiǎng)金從2023年的1.26億美元激增至2024年的2.01億美元,,源于首次允許海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員提前一年續(xù)簽延長服役合同。 此舉使超7,000名海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),,較上年激增近2,200人,。

當(dāng)被問及2023年的獎(jiǎng)金問題時(shí),海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)司令埃里克·史密斯上將曾在海軍會(huì)議上發(fā)表過一段名言:“你們的獎(jiǎng)金就是獲得‘陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員’的稱號(hào),?!?/p>

“這才是獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),,不是嗎?這份榮譽(yù)無法用金錢衡量,?!?/p>

各軍種將征兵與留任資金重點(diǎn)投向緊缺崗位,包括網(wǎng)絡(luò),、情報(bào)及特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì),。陸軍與海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)還利用資金吸引兵員投身部分作戰(zhàn)、裝甲及炮兵崗位,。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

The U.S. military spent more than $6 billion over the past three years to recruit and retain service members, in what has been a growing campaign to counter enlistment shortfalls.

The financial incentives to reenlist in the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines increased dramatically from 2022 through last year, with the Navy vastly outspending the others, according to funding totals provided by the services. The overall amount of recruiting bonuses also rose steadily, fueled by significant jumps in spending by the Army and Marine Corps.

The military services have routinely poured money into recruiting and retention bonuses over the years. But the totals spiked as Pentagon leaders tried to reverse falling enlistment numbers, particularly as COVID-19 restrictions locked down public events, fairs and school visits that recruiters relied on to meet with young people.

Coupled with an array of new programs, an increased number of recruiters and adjustments to enlistment requirements, the additional incentives have helped the services bounce back from the shortfalls. All but the Navy met their recruiting targets last year and all are expected to do so this year.

President Donald Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth repeatedly point to Trump’s election as a reason for the recruiting rebound. But the enlistment increases began long before last November, and officials have tied them more directly to the widespread overhauls that the services have done, including the increased financial incentives.

The Army, the military’s largest service, spent more on recruiting bonuses in 2022 and 2024 than the other services. But it was significantly outspent by the Navy in 2023, when the sea service was struggling to overcome a large enlistment shortfall.

As a result, even though the Navy is a smaller service, it spent more overall in the three years than the Army did.

The Navy also has spent considerably more than the others to entice sailors to reenlist, doling out retention bonuses to roughly 70,000 service members for each of the past three years. That total is more than double the number of troops the Army gave retention bonuses to each year, even though the Army is a much larger service.

“Navy is dedicated to retaining our most capable sailors; retention is a critical component of achieving our end-strength goals,” Adm. James Kilby, the vice chief of naval operations, told a Senate Armed Services subcommittee in March.

He said reenlistment for enlisted sailors “remains healthy” but officers are a challenge in specific jobs, including aviation, explosive ordnance disposal, surface and submarine warfare, health professionals and naval special operations. He added that the Navy has struggled to fill all of its at-sea jobs and is using financial incentives as one way to combat the problem.

The Army has seen the greatest recruiting struggles over the past decade, and by using a range of new programs and policies has had one of the largest comebacks. The Navy has had the most trouble more recently, and took a number of steps to expand those eligible for service and spend more in bonuses.

While the Army spends hundreds of millions each year to recruit troops, it also has relied on an array of new programs and policies to woo young people. A key driver of the Army’s rebound has been its decision to create the Future Soldier Prep Course, at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, in August 2022.

That program gives lower-performing recruits up to 90 days of academic or fitness instruction to help them meet military standards and move on to basic training. It has resulted in thousands of enlistments.

The Air Force increased its spending on recruiting bonuses in 2023 as it also struggled to overcome shortfalls, but lowered the amount the following year. The payments were for jobs including munitions systems, aircraft maintenance and security forces. The Space Force does not currently authorize enlistment bonuses.

The Marine Corps and the tiny Space Force have consistently hit their recruiting goals, although the Marines had to dig deep into their pool of delayed entry candidates in 2022 to meet their target. The Corps, which is much smaller than the Army and Air Force, spends the least on bonuses and tends to spread the amount among a larger number of service members.

Maj. Jacoby Getty, a Marine spokesman, said the spike in retention bonuses from $126 million in 2023 to $201 million in 2024 was because Marines were allowed to reenlist a year early for the first time. More than 7,000 Marines got bonuses as a result, a jump of nearly 2,200 over the previous year.

When asked about bonuses in 2023, Gen. Eric Smith, the Marine commandant, famously told a naval conference that “your bonus is you get to call yourself a Marine.”

“That’s your bonus, right?” he said. “There’s no dollar amount that goes with that.”

The services tailor their recruiting and retention money to bolster harder-to-fill jobs, including cyber, intelligence and special operations forces. The Army and Marine Corps also use the money to woo troops to some combat, armor and artillery jobs.

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