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????說(shuō)到大學(xué)教育,，你腦海中會(huì)浮現(xiàn)出什么樣的畫面呢,？是坐在大階梯教室前排聽專家講課？在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里努力做實(shí)驗(yàn),？參加小組討論,？還是在大學(xué)圖書館泡上幾小時(shí)“啃書”？

????在加拿大，雖然這些都可能是多數(shù)大學(xué)生在校生涯的一部分,，但學(xué)校也越來(lái)越鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生走出校園,，到社區(qū)去參加各種活動(dòng)。瀏覽加拿大主要大學(xué)的網(wǎng)站就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),，其中大多數(shù)都有“動(dòng)手”學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,，也就是讓學(xué)生把理論和實(shí)踐結(jié)合起來(lái)，而且這種學(xué)習(xí)正越來(lái)越被看作是大學(xué)生涯的核心,。

????這些把正規(guī)教育和工作實(shí)踐聯(lián)系在一起的活動(dòng)稱為“工學(xué)結(jié)合”（Work Integrated Learning）,。它引發(fā)關(guān)注的原因有幾個(gè)：首先，安大略省高等教育質(zhì)量委員會(huì)（Higher Education and Quality Council of Ontario）的一系列研究顯示,，完成課堂學(xué)習(xí)和社區(qū)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生通常會(huì)覺得自己的學(xué)習(xí)更深入,，對(duì)自身和選擇的學(xué)術(shù)方向也更有信心。

????由于全球勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的變化,，如今找工作或者讀研的難度大幅上升,。簡(jiǎn)歷上的畢業(yè)前工作經(jīng)歷有助于讓學(xué)生脫穎而出。工學(xué)結(jié)合會(huì)讓本科畢業(yè)生在找工作或者報(bào)考研究生,、申請(qǐng)去專業(yè)學(xué)院深造時(shí)獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

????那么,，什么是工學(xué)結(jié)合,？對(duì)于加拿大多數(shù)高校開設(shè)的各類工學(xué)結(jié)合課程項(xiàng)目，學(xué)生又需要了解些什么,？大多數(shù)工學(xué)結(jié)合都是選修課,，并不與學(xué)位直接掛鉤，而且有些形式的工學(xué)結(jié)合項(xiàng)目只適合某一部分學(xué)生,。在加拿大,，最常見的工學(xué)結(jié)合模式包括：

????實(shí)習(xí)：這也許是實(shí)業(yè)領(lǐng)域描述工作經(jīng)歷的最常用詞匯。實(shí)習(xí)包括帶薪實(shí)習(xí)和無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí),，期限也有長(zhǎng)有短,。過(guò)去2-3年中，隨著大型盈利組織壓榨無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí)生的報(bào)道屢屢登上新聞?lì)^條,，無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí)在北美受到了嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督,。受此影響，無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí)正在發(fā)生變化,，越來(lái)越多的公司開始考慮帶薪實(shí)習(xí),，或者把實(shí)習(xí)作為大學(xué)課程，讓參加實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生獲得拿學(xué)位所需的學(xué)分,。有時(shí)正規(guī)大學(xué)會(huì)把實(shí)習(xí)納入獲得學(xué)位的課程之中,，但在更多情況下，實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)由企業(yè)提供，學(xué)生需要應(yīng)聘并利用課余時(shí)間完成實(shí)習(xí),。

????評(píng)估實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)要考慮的因素包括：它是否帶薪,，如果是無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí)，學(xué)生就要綜合考慮其他方面的付出,，進(jìn)行比較,，看花在實(shí)習(xí)上的時(shí)間是否合理。相關(guān)公司以前是否招過(guò)實(shí)習(xí)生,，如果招過(guò),，那些實(shí)習(xí)生對(duì)自己的經(jīng)歷作何評(píng)價(jià)？實(shí)習(xí)期間,，是否有機(jī)會(huì)做大量和自己的專業(yè)以及職業(yè)目標(biāo)相關(guān)的工作,？還是說(shuō)會(huì)更多地在辦公室里打雜？對(duì)來(lái)自海外地區(qū)的國(guó)際學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),，還要考慮實(shí)習(xí)是否需要工作簽證,。

????What do you imagine when you think about a university education? Sitting in large lecture halls, listening to experts at the front of the room? Working hard on lab experiments or participating in discussion groups? Spending hours in front of books at the university’s library?

????While all of these activities are likely to be part of most students’ experience at Canadian universities, increasingly students are also being encouraged to participate in activities that take them outside the classroom and into the community. Look at the web sites of most major Canadian universities and you’ll see that “hands-on” learning that allows students to integrate theories with practice is increasingly viewed as central to the university experience.

????This focus on Work Integrated Learning (WIL)—programs that combine work with formal education—is the result of several factors. First, studies, including a series from the Higher Education and Quality Council of Ontario, show that students who complement classroom learning with learning in the community usually feel they learn more deeply and are more confident about themselves and their academic choices direction

????As the changing global labour market makes getting a job or getting into graduate school a lot more difficult, having work experience on your resume prior to graduation helps students differentiate themselves from their fellow students. WIL gives graduates a competitive advantage in the labour market, for graduate school, and for professional schools.

????So what is WIL and what do students need to know about the different types of programs available to them at most Canadian universities? Most forms of WIL are optional, not required elements of a university degree, and some forms will be better suited to some students than others. Some of the most common types of WIL in Canada include:

????Internships: Probably the most commonly used term to describe work experience in industry, Internships can mean paid or unpaid work of varying durations. Unpaid internships have come under scrutiny in North America in the past 2-3 years as stories of large, profitable organizations exploiting unpaid interns have captured headlines. As a result, practices around unpaid internships are changing, and more organizations are looking at bringing on interns either in paid roles, or from university programs that give students’ credit for their internships towards their degree program. Sometimes internship programs are part of a formal university program integrated with the degree, but more often they are opportunities that an employer posts and students apply for, completing them on their own time.

????In assessing an internship opportunity, consider: Is it paid? If not, are the volunteer hours reasonable given my other commitments? Will the experience count for credit towards my degree? Has the employer hired interns before? If so, what do past interns say about their experience? Will I be asked to do substantial work related to my degree and career goals, or will I be doing more menial work around the office? If I’m an international student, do I need a work visa for an internship?